BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 7, Problem 2S
Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted animals are able to maintain body temperature (a process called thermogenesis) due to the presence of brown fat. Brown fat is characterized by a high concentration of mitochondria. These brown fat mitochondria have a special protein located within their inner membranes. Thermogenin is a protein that functions as a passive proton transporter. Propose a likely explanation for the role of brown fat in thermogenesis based on your knowledge of
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The number of calories used during physical
exercise is greater than the number of calories used for
the movements themselves. This may be caused in part
by exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1
(UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostly
white fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells in
mice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program,
UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient driving
oxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is a
characteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced by
the protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address the
relationship between exercise and:
in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpression
skeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whose
expression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise).
Table 1
• expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells,
• expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein in
skeletal muscle plasma membranes),
• blood levels of irisin (a soluble protein formed by
cleaving the extracellular…
Explain the role that proton (H+) movement plays in chemiosmotic ATP generation during oxidative phosphorylation (“oxphos”) in aerobic cellular respiration. Include in your answer a description of the process (i.e., where H+ are originally, where they accumulate, etc). You don't need to name all of the members of the transport chain.
The actions of cardiac glycoside drugs are not confined exclusively to heart tissue. How would ingestion of a cardiac glycoside affect uptake of glucose in the intestine? Refer to actions of the cardiac glycoside on the system in the image above in your answer. 5. Calculate the free energy change associated with moving glucose into the cell. The experimental conditions are as follows: 37 °C, 5 mM extracellular glucose, 0.4 mM intracellular glucose. Show all work.
Chapter 7 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.1 - Explain the role of electron carriers in energy...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.2 - Calculate the energy yield from glycolysis.Ch. 7.2 - Distinguish between aerobic respiration and...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.4 - Relate the nine reactions of the citric acid cycle...Ch. 7.4 - Diagram the oxidation reactions in the citric acid...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 7.6 - Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced by...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.8 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.8 - Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic...Ch. 7.9 - Identify the entry points for proteins and fats in...Ch. 7.9 - Prob. 2LOCh. 7.10 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7 - Prob. 1DACh. 7 - Prob. 1UCh. 7 - Prob. 2UCh. 7 - Which of the following is NOT a product of...Ch. 7 - Glycolysis produces ATP by a. phosphorylating...Ch. 7 - What is the role of NAD+ in the process of...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6UCh. 7 - The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be a....Ch. 7 - Prob. 1ACh. 7 - Prob. 2ACh. 7 - Prob. 3ACh. 7 - What is the importance of fermentation to cellular...Ch. 7 - Prob. 5ACh. 7 - A chemical agent that makes holes in the inner...Ch. 7 - Prob. 7ACh. 7 - Use the following table to outline the...Ch. 7 - Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted...Ch. 7 - Recent data indicate a link between colder...
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- The ADP/ATP carrier, which exchanges cytoplasmic ADP and mitochondrial ATP, can also function as a passive proton transporter. a. Would the carrier protein augment or diminish the protonmotive force? b. Researchers found that nucleotide transport inhibits proton transport by the carrier protein. Could this competitive effect help link the rate of oxidative phosphorylation to the cell’s need for ATP?arrow_forwardAlthough the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain?arrow_forwardStearic acid is an 18-carbon fatty acid. If a single molecular of stearic acid is within the cytosol of the cells: Describe the process by which stearic acid would be metabolised, beginning the molecule in the cytosol of the cell, ending with the creation of ATP, and assuming the cell has sufficient oxygen for all reactions to take place Showing all working, calculate how many ATP molecules could be generated from a single molecule of stearic acid in the cytosol of the cellarrow_forward
- The concentration of glucose in your circulatory system is maintained near 5.0 mM by the actions of the pancreatic hormones glucagon and insulin. Glucose is imported into cells by protein transporters that are highly specific for binding glucose. Inside the liver cells the imported glucose is rapidly phosphorylated to give glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). This is an ATP-dependent process that consumes 1 mol ATP per mol of glucose. Given the steady-state intracellular concentrations below, calculate the theoretical maximum concentration of G-6-P inside a liver cell at 37 °C, pH = 7.2 when the glucose concentration outside the cell (i.e., [glucoseloutside) is 5.0 mM: ATP = 4.7 mM; ADP = 0.15 mM; P, = 6.1 mM For: ATP + H,O ADP + P + H* AG" = -30.5 kJ/mol and G-6-P + H,0 -→ Glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol The glucose phosphorylation reaction is ATP + glucosenside » ADP + glucose-6-phosphate + H+arrow_forwardAlthough the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: The ATP generated by oxidative respiration is used throughout the cell. The majority of ATP production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. How do you think ATP is made accessible to enzymes in the cytosol and other organelles?arrow_forwarda Imagine that creatine phosphate, rather than ATP, is the universal energy carrier molecule in the human body. Assume that the cellular concentrations of creatine phosphate, creatine, and phosphate are 21.6 mM, 2.16x10-3 mm, and 3.80 mM, respectively. Calculate the weight of creatine phosphate that would need to be consumed each day by a typical adult human if creatine phosphate could not be recycled. (Estimate the free energy of hydrolysis of creatine phosphate under cellular conditions to determine how many moles required. Use the standard free energy AG = -43.3 kJ/mol, and take the temperature to be 37 °C.) AG= kJ/mol Weight of creatine phosphate consumed = 9arrow_forward
- The production of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient powers the production of ATP in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an organic compound that 'undoes' the hydrogen ion concentration gradient without the production of ATP. It does this by increasing the membrane permeability to hydrogen ions. One use of DNP is as a herbicide.For a brief period in the 1930s, DNP was marketed as a diet pill. Because DNP prevents the production of ATP, the human body will begin to use alternate forms of energy. The result is an increase in the metabolism of fats in the body, thus reducing total body fat. In the presence of DNP, the energy that normally would be converted to ATP for use in the cells is converted to heat instead, causing dangerously high body temperatures.DNP is classified as an illegal substance in Canada and the U.S. although it is still marketed as a commercial chemical. In recent years, several deaths have been reported, primarily in the…arrow_forwardIn hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme complex. The enzyme then transfers the phosphoryl group directly from ATP to glucose. Select the advantages of phosphoryl group transfer compared to hydrolysis and subsequent phosphorylation? ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically unfavorable compared to group transfer. Glucokinase increases the transition state energy, favoring glucose phosphorylation. The process takes advantage of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP. Reaction intermediates do not need to be present in excess. Incorrectarrow_forwardCELLULAR RESPIRATION IN HUMAN CELLS Every cell in the human body is adjacent to a capillary. Glucose and oxygen carried by the blood can leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue cells. In most cases, the cells have enough supply of oxygen to carry out aerobic cellular respiration. But in times of short oxygen supply, such as during suffocation and strenuous exercises, the cells have to resort to anaerobic respiration. Read this article and summarize each paragraph.arrow_forward
- Glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms move glucose in and out of the cell GLUTS respond to the glucose equilibrium concentrations. Use your knowledge of enzyme catalysis and lonetics to predict which of the following correctly rank the steps in glucose transport by GLUT1? 1. Glucose binding results in a conformational change, opening the binding site on the opposite side of the membrane 11. Glucose binds to the transporter on one side of the membrane II. The transporter reverts to initial conformation IV. The glucose disassociates OA III, IV, III OB. 1,1,1, IV OCIV, II, II, I ODII, IV III OENI, LIarrow_forwardWhy is it important that glucose be converted to glucose-6-phosphate once glucose enters a cell? Select one: a. This form is easier for cells to metabolize. b. The cells can easily excrete this molecule. c. Glucose can't diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form. d. It can now cross the plasma membrane. e. It becomes a long-term storage molecule for glucose.arrow_forwardIncreased energy demands (increase in ATP being made in the cell) on the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation should change the pH of the intermembrane of the mitochondria to...? Select one: a. More acidic due to the increase in protons being pumped. b. No change since pH is not altered with increased proton concentration. c. More basic due to the increase in protons being pumped.arrow_forward
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