CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136538820
Author: Taylor
Publisher: INTER PEAR
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Chapter 7, Problem 15TYK
Continue your comparison of electron transport and chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In each case,
a. where do the electrons come from?
b. how do the electrons get their high potential energy?
c. what picks up the electrons at the end of the chain?
d. how is the energy released as electrons are transferred down the electron transport chain used?
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Consider the structures and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. For each of the statements below, identify which part(s) of the chloroplast or mitochondrion (identified by letters in the figure below) are described. Some answers may include more than 1 letter. In those cases, separate the letters by a single space (eg. c g)
Electron transport chains are located in ------
Photosystem I and II are located in -------
Ubiquinone is located in -------
NADPH is produced in ------
Pyruvate oxidation takes place in ------
ATP is produced in ------
NAD+ is produced in -----
High H+ concentration is produced in -----
O2 is produced in -----
RuBP is produced in ------
2.)
A.) Explain how electron transfer leads to ATP biosynthesis in the light reactions of photosynthesis. You must give details about how electron flow builds a pH gradient and a description of the compartments in the chloroplast in relation to pH. Also, compare the ETC of the mitochondrion with the ETC of the light reactions for both the source and destination for electrons.
B.) Would ATP biosynthesis happen if ionophores, which would create holes in the thylakoid membrane and allow uncontrolled passage of charged molecules such as protons between compartments, are provided to the chloroplast? Why or why not?
C.) How would you modify Complex I of the electron transport chain to decrease ATP yield from Step 3 of β-oxidation? As part of this, you must explain why there is a difference in ATP yield between NADH and FADH 2 AND give a specific change to the ETC that would decrease ATP yield from Step 3
(c) Compare the differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation by
redrawing (if necessary) and completing the table given below:
Table 1: Comparison of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Organelle
Source of electrons
Final electron acceptor
Source of energy
Role of ATP
Chapter 7 Solutions
CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Ch. 7 - Complete this summary map of photosynthesis.Ch. 7 - In photosynthesis, __________ is oxidized and...Ch. 7 - Which of the following are produced by reactions...Ch. 7 - When light strikes chlorophyll molecules in the...Ch. 7 - The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly...Ch. 7 - Which of the following does not occur during the...Ch. 7 - Why is it difficult for C3 plants to carry out...Ch. 7 - How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM...Ch. 7 - To synthesize one glucose molecule, the Calvin...Ch. 7 - Compare and describe the roles of CO2 and H2O in...
Ch. 7 - Explain why a poison that inhibits an enzyme of...Ch. 7 - What do plants do with the sugar they produce in...Ch. 7 - Explain what is meant by saying the light...Ch. 7 - The following diagram compares the chemiosmotic...Ch. 7 - Continue your comparison of electron transport and...Ch. 7 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 7 - Most scientific experts agree that climate change...
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- d) In the presence of sunlight, an electrochemical gradient is generated between two of the spaces within the chloroplast. 1.Describe what happens when a photon of light energy hits a molecule of chlorophyl. 2. What is meant by the term electrochemical gradient? 3.What role does the photosynthetic electron transport chain play in the generation of the electrochemical gradient? 4. Two chemical reactions also contribute to the generation of the electrochemical gradient. What are the reactions, where do they occur, and why do these factors affect the gradient? 5. The electrochemical gradient can be utilised by ATP synthase to generate ATP - explain how the location and structure of ATP synthase enable it to perform this function. e) The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP and NADPH for use in the dark reactions (i.e., the Calvin cycle). Why are they needed?arrow_forwardProtons move across the thylakoid membrane in both directions during the light reactions of photosynthesis...... 1. When protons move in to the thylakoid, are they moving up or down their concentration gradient? (From low to high concentration or from high to low concentration?) 2. Since protons are charged, they cannot freely diffuse across a plasma membrane. What protein(s) facilitate the transport of protons in to the thylakoid?arrow_forwardFor each of the statements below, indicate whether they are true or false and then in detail explain why the false statements are incorrect, making reference to the relevant cell processes and/or molecules. A. In cellular respiration the ETC transfers electrons via redox reactions whereas in photosynthesis the ETC transfers electrons using light. B. In cellular respiration the ETC creates a proton gradient with the higher concentration on the outer side of the inner membrane whereas in photosynthesis the ETC creates a proton gradient with the higher concentration on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane. C. In cellular respiration the ETC gradient is used to power ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation whereas in photosynthesis the ETC gradient is used to power ATP production by substrate level phosphorylation.arrow_forward
- There are two photosystems involved in the light reaction of photosynthesis. Both take upenergy from the sun in the form of light.A. Where are the photosystems located and what is the name of the organelle? B. Where does the energy that the photosystems take up, go? Describe for eachphotosystem WHERE the energy ends up at the end of the light reactions. In otherwords, what products contain the energy from which photosystem at the end ofthe light reaction?arrow_forwardThe ultimate source of energy in our planet is sunlight. In the first stage of photosynthesis, light energy is captured in chlorophyll-containing reaction centers (PSII and PSI). What is the first step in the capture of light energy at PSII? a. The energy carriers ATP and NADPH + H+ are synthesized. b. CO2 reacts with the C5 sugar ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate in the first step of the Calvin cycle. c. Starch is synthesized. d. H2O is photolyzed and its electrons are captured by special chlorophyll molecules. e. Sucrose is synthesized from glucose and fructose.arrow_forwardThe above product water molecules are generated in which eukaryotic cell compartment?A. the mitochondrial matrix (site of the Krebs cycle)B. the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts (site of photosystems I and II)C. the chloroplast stroma (site of the Calvin cycle)D. the inner mitochondrial membrane (site of electron transport)E. the cytoplasm (site of glycolysis)arrow_forward
- You performed an experiment on photosynthesis on Elodea, using bromothymol blue as an indicator forpH. Your two light conditions were red light and blue light. You found that in blue light, your solutionturned a nice cobalt blue, and in red light it turned green.a. What can you conclude about the efficiency of photosynthesis in Elodea regarding those twowavelengths?b. What would your conclusion be if your negative control (no Elodea in white light) turned greenalso?arrow_forwardDaniel Arnon and coworkers carried out experiments with intact, salt- washed chloroplasts to study photophosphorylation. When the chloroplasts were illuminated in the presence of ADP +P, ATP was produced, but oxygen was not produced or nor consumed. ATP formation was not accom- panied by a measurable electron transport involving any external electron donor or acceptor. The overall reaction for this result is: ADP + P -", ATP When NADP+ was included in addition to the ADP + P, ilumination of the intact chloroplats again resulted in resulted in the photophosphorylation of ADP to ATP. In addition, the NADPpt was reduced to NADPH + H* and o, was produced. Moreover, the light-induced reduction of NADP* was greatly decreased if ADP + P; were ommitted. The equation for this reaction is: NADP* + H,0 + ADP + R -", NADPH + H + ATP + }02 Briefly describe the mechanism(s) of these two types of photophosphoryla- tion that explain all of these results.arrow_forwardIf 30 molecules of CO2 enter the Calvin Cycle,a. How many molecules of phosphoglycerate (PGA) will be produced? b. How many molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate (PGAL) leave the cycle? c. How many molecules of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) will be produced? d. How many molecules of ATP will be utilized?arrow_forward
- Identify the chemical basis for ApH and AY across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane by dragging the descriptions to their targets. Be sure to notice that the upper arrow iindicates ApH and the lower arrow indicates ΔΨ. ATP synthase complex H+ N ADP + P₁ Light energy ATP H*N Photosystem I/II- Chloroplast N side Aus PN ApH T + Thylakoid membrane HTp H+p Lumen Stroma P side Proton circuit A B High H concentration Low positive charge High positive charge Low H+ concentration Within the image, identify the types of proton translocation by dragging each label to its target. O XH₂ 2H+ + Z 2 H* ZH₂ O XH₂ Z 2H+ ZH₂ 2H+ C A B Proton pump Redox looparrow_forwardWhen researchers shifted isolated chloroplasts from a low pH solution to a more alkaline (higher pH) solution, ATP synthesis occurred even in the absence of light! This was an experiment used to support the chemiosmosis mechanism of ATP formation in chloroplasts. Why?arrow_forward. Select the principle related to the pumping of protons from mitochondrion matrix into mitochondrion intermembrane space during cellular respiration. * A. Oxidation of protein complexes release energy and this energy is used to pump protons. B. The process is simultaneously with osmosis of water through mitochondrion membrane. C. Reduction of integral protein complexes causing pumping of protons. D. NADH and FADH2 use exergonic reaction and release energy which helps pumping of protons.arrow_forward
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