Core Skill: Modeling The goal of this modeling challenge is to use your understanding of top-down control to construct a simple bar graph that predicts the relative abundances of plants and herbivores under three different conditions: plants alone, plant plus herbivores, and plants plus herbivores and carnivores that prey on the herbivores.
Modeling Challenge: Let’s assume that a group of plants, herbivores, and carnivores that feed on those herbivores, are subject to top-down control. An ecologist studies the relative numbers of plants in three different areas of the same size. In one area, both the herbivores and carnivores have been removed. In a second area, only the carnivores have been removed. In a third area, the plants, herbivores, and carnivores are all present. Draw a series of bar graphs that predict the relative population sizes of the plant and herbivore populations in these three different areas. The y-axis should be labeled “Relative
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Biology
- . Simulations 4-6 had lower density of birds (more spacing), how did this influence their ability to escape predation? With more spacing, which number of Junco’s was most advantageous (4, 8, and 16)? Ecologically explain this result. If this flock of birds occurred in an area with low food availability what flock density would you predict? Explain how food availability impacts flock size/competition. Was there a relationship between prop. Vigilance (proportion of birds looking up right before Hawk attack) and the rate at which they escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance (average number of birds looking up each tick) and the rate at which the Junco’s the escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance and the number of birds in the flock?arrow_forwardQ4.14. Below are two graphs showing zero growth isoclines in phase space for plant species A and B, with insect herbivores absent (left) and present (right). Based on your interpretation of these graphs, which of the following is the most likely impact of insect herbivory on the competitive relationship between Species A and B? Insect Herbivores Absent Insect Herbivores Present SPECIES B Kalanga KR Kalama K SPECIES A SPECIES B K₂ KlaAB K₁ K₂/OBA SPECIES A Herbivory promotes coexistence of Species A and B. Herbivory results in competitive exclusion of Species A by Species B. Herbivory results in competitive exclusion of Species B by Species A. Herbivory has no effect on competition between Species A and B.arrow_forwardProblem: What is the primary cause of the endangerment of Varanus mabitang (Panay Monitor Lizard)? Hypothesis: habitat loss due to deforestation causes more endangerment of Varanus mabitang. As humans cut down the forests, These lizards lose habitat and prey that they need to survive. Question: How would you test your hypothesis? State the methods you think are appropriate to test your hypothesis.arrow_forward
- [According to NEP Guidelines] EXERCISE Competency Based Discussion: Interdependence of Plants and Animals A Short Answer Questions: 1. What is a food web? Why is it important? 3. Differentiate between producers and decomposers. 4. Describe the pond ecosystem. 2. What are consumers? Explain their types. 5. How do plants depend on animals? Long Answer Questions: 1. What is a food chain? How does energy flow in a food chain? 2. What are ecological pyramids? Describe their types. 3. Describe the abiotic components of an ecosystem. 4.Describe the forest ecosystem. Also, write about the types of forestsarrow_forwardConsider ecological efficiency and energetic hypothesis, why are there few lions than wildebeest in africa ?arrow_forwardDirections: Research on examples of parasitic plants and predator plants. Give an example for each. What structural adaptations are present in these plants that allow them to acquire nutrition through parasitism and predation? Tabulate answers by using three columns with the following criteria: Type of Adaptation (parasitism or predation), Example Plant, and Structural Adaptation. Type of Adaptation Example Plant Structural Adaptation Parasitism Predationarrow_forward
- Compare the rewards programmes of respectively Sanlam Reality, Discovery Vitality and Momentum Multiply vis-à-vis Virgin Active Gym.arrow_forwardBackground A trophic level, or feeding level, is made up of all the organisms whose energy source is the same number of consumption steps from the sun in a given ecosystem. The trophic level of plants or producers is 1, while that of herbivores is 2 and that of animals that eat herbivores 3. Higher trophic levels can exist for animals even higher on the food chain. In this exercise, you will compute numerical values for human energy needs based on diets at different trophic levels. In this case study the owner of a farm raises soybeans and chickens. Grasshoppers feed on the farmers soybeans, and are in turn eaten by the chickens. Humans can, though rarely do, eat grasshoppers for sustenance. Humans can also eat soybeans. For the purpose of this exercise, make the following assumptions: A human requires 1 chicken/day There are 365 days/year 1 chicken eats 25 grasshoppers/day 1 grasshopper requires about 30 g of soybeans/year 1,000 grasshoppers have a mass of 1 kg 1 human requires…arrow_forwardBackground A trophic level, or feeding level, is made up of all the organisms whose energy source is the same number of consumption steps from the sun in a given ecosystem. The trophic level of plants or producers is 1, while that of herbivores is 2 and that of animals that eat herbivores 3. Higher trophic levels can exist for animals even higher on the food chain. In this exercise, you will compute numerical values for human energy needs based on diets at different trophic levels. In this case study the owner of a farm raises soybeans and chickens. Grasshoppers feed on the farmers soybeans, and are in turn eaten by the chickens. Humans can, though rarely do, eat grasshoppers for sustenance. Humans can also eat soybeans. For the purpose of this exercise, make the following assumptions: A human requires 1 chicken/day There are 365 days/year 1 chicken eats 25 grasshoppers/day 1 grasshopper requires about 30 g of soybeans/year 1,000 grasshoppers have a mass of 1 kg 1 human requires…arrow_forward
- Background A trophic level, or feeding level, is made up of all the organisms whose energy source is the same number of consumption steps from the sun in a given ecosystem. The trophic level of plants or producers is 1, while that of herbivores is 2 and that of animals that eat herbivores 3. Higher trophic levels can exist for animals even higher on the food chain. In this exercise, you will compute numerical values for human energy needs based on diets at different trophic levels. In this case study the owner of a farm raises soybeans and chickens. Grasshoppers feed on the farmers soybeans, and are in turn eaten by the chickens. Humans can, though rarely do, eat grasshoppers for sustenance. Humans can also eat soybeans. For the purpose of this exercise, make the following assumptions: A human requires 1 chicken/day There are 365 days/year 1 chicken eats 25 grasshoppers/day 1 grasshopper requires about 30 g of soybeans/year 1,000 grasshoppers have a mass of 1 kg 1 human requires…arrow_forwardHow would short term advantage differ from the advantages of using a long term perspective in managing our resources?arrow_forwardKudu Scenario Kudu are an antelope species found in easterm and southerm Africa. Male kuou have dramatically spiraled homs, which makes them a target of trophy hunters. Begin by setting up the following parameters: k= 100, r= 0.26, N, = 10. Use the gear icon to adjust the min & max values of N, and k to 2 and 200, respectively. Set the max value oft to 50. 25. At what time ("T value) do kudu populations reach their carrying capacity, given these parameters? 28. What happens to the growth rate of a kudu population as it gets closer and closer to its carrying сарacity? 27. What sorts of environmental changes might cause k to increase in this environment? What might cause k to decrease? 28. Trophy hunters move into the area, leading to an increased death rate, which decreases the growth rate rto 0.13. Exolain how this change will impact the population growth patten. [Hint Look at when the population now reaches its carrying capacity, given this decrease in r. Compare your original curve…arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning