Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 56, Problem 8TYU
Summary Introduction
To determine: The history of mass extinction and how to prevent the sixth mass extinction.
Concept introduction:
Mass extinction is a method of the nature through which it decreases the diversity of organisms in nature. It approaches when the species diversity declines gradually and eventually nature finds a way to eliminate the existing diversity.
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Two terrestrial ecosystems based on photosynthesis and chemolithosynthesis (hydrothermal vents) trap their energy from specific energy sources. Tidal squeezing has also been suggested. The type of energy sources define the character of the ecosystems observed. What other energy source can you identify that might drive other kinds of ecosystems elsewhere in the universe? Speculate on the type of organisms that might evolve based on that energy source.What would be the characteristics of the primary producers (the organisms that trap the energy)?
(A) What is extinction? How extinction is different from expiration? Explain. (B)List the
five mass extinction episodes occurred in the history of Earth. Characterize the nature and
extent of each extinction episode.
Distinguish between biological extinction and mass extinction. Does every species have the right to survive without human interference, regardless of whether they serve a useful purpose to humans? Explain?
Chapter 56 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 56.1 - Explain why it is too narrow to define the...Ch. 56.1 - Identify the four main threats to biodiversity and...Ch. 56.1 - WHAT IF? Imagine two populations of a fish...Ch. 56.2 - How does the reduced genetic diversity of small...Ch. 56.2 - If there were 100 greater prairie chickens in a...Ch. 56.2 - WHAT IF? In 2005, at least ten grizzly bears in...Ch. 56.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 56.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 56.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 56.4 - How can the addition of excess mineral nutrients...
Ch. 56.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 56.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Mutagens are chemical and...Ch. 56.5 - What is meant by the term sustainable development?Ch. 56.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 56.5 - WHAT IF? Suppose a new fishery is discovered, and...Ch. 56 - Give at least three examples of key ecosystem...Ch. 56 - Why is the minimum viable population size smaller...Ch. 56 - Prob. 56.3CRCh. 56 - Prob. 56.4CRCh. 56 - Prob. 56.5CRCh. 56 - One characteristic that distinguishes a population...Ch. 56 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 56 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 56 - Which of the following is a consequence of...Ch. 56 - Which of the following strategies would most...Ch. 56 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 56 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 56 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 56 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS One factor...Ch. 56 - Prob. 10TYU
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- We have looked at what the fossil record can tell us about the amazing History of Life on Earth. We've examined the evidence for an early origin for life in the sea, 3800 million years, and investigated how life invaded life about 500 million years. We've also discussed the subsequent boom in life that massively increased biodiversity but also noted how the History of Life is frequently punctuated by mass extinctions. Today we stand on the threshold of a new mass extinction event. The biodiversity that we take for granted and that sustains humans is threatened to a degree only rarely seen in 4500 million years of Earth History. NOW TO CONCLUDE, ANSWER THE QUESTION. 1. ARE WE ON THE BRINK OF A MASS EXTINCTION? WHAT WOULD BE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR SOCIETY OF LOSING HALF OF ALL SPECIES BY 2100? ARE THERE ACTIONS THAT WE CAN TAKE AS INDIVIDUALS AND AS SOCIETY TO HELP PROTECT LIFE ON EARTH?arrow_forwardThroughout Earth’s history, many species, and perhaps even most of the species that ever existed, have become extinct. The causes are numerous: climate change, volcanic activity, the actions of oxygen-producing organisms, changes in carbon dioxide concentration, and even asteroid impacts. Have humans ever caused extinctions?arrow_forwardIs extinction normal? Explain. What is NOT normal about it now? Why is the loss of biodiversity so crucial to Earth and us?arrow_forward
- EVOLUTION CONNECTION The fossil record indicates that therehave been five mass extinction events in the past 500 millionyears (see Concept 25.4). Many ecologists think we are on theverge of entering a sixth mass extinction event. Briefly discussthe history of mass extinctions and the length of time it typicallytakes for species diversity to recover through the process ofevolution. Explain why this should motivate us to slow theloss of biodiversity today.arrow_forwardFind the flaws within the sentance/s Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species from Earth. A mass extinction is when more than half of all extant species disappear from the fossil record and there have been at least five of them. In order to prevent the extinction current species, some areas of earth are preserved while others are conserved. Conservation seeks to prohibit human activity in an area. Preservation seeks the sustainable use and management of natural resources. An endemic species is only found in one location. A biodiversity hotspot has over 1500 species of endemic insects and 70% of the area has been disturbed. There are 34 biodiversity hotspots on Earth. Many sustainable practices are used in agriculture. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different kinds of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. Conservation tillage is any method of soil cultivation that completely tills under the soil to prepare for the next crop. Genetically modified crops are…arrow_forwardCreate a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting rapid and gradual mass extinction (make sure to include examples of each)arrow_forward
- One of the challenges faced by organisms as the climate changes is the changes observed in phenology. Describe what a change in phenology would be as a result of climate change by giving me an example of it occurring to some organisms (you can make up the organisms in the example). How would a change in phenology result in a population going extinct (possibly because of a trophic mismatch)?arrow_forwardThe graph below shows the population of three different families of marine organisms along five different mass extinction events. Each colour on the graph represents a family of organisms, and the Y axis shows how many species belong to that family. a. What stage of population growth is displayed at point ‘0’ on the graph above? b. The Extinction Event that occurred at point 3 was particularly significant. Using the graph, explain how this event impacted each marine family. c. The extinction events mapped above had significant impact on marine life. What type of event could have a similar impact on the human population?arrow_forwardChanging conditions put intense pressure on organisms-some of which become extinct. For example, of the original 62 species of honeycreeper found in Hawaii only 18 remain. Scientists have the technologies that may allow bringing back organisms that have become extinct. This brings up ethical questions about the cost/benefit of resurrecting extinct species and whether it is the right thing to do. Joseph Bennett, a professor of biology at Carleton University in Ontario, wanted to determine the cost of resurrecting and maintaining an extinct species. Since the up-front cost of resurrecting an extinct species is very difficult to determine, the researchers decided instead to look at the cost of reintroducing and protecting a resurrected organism in the wild. To accomplish this, the researchers considered 70 animals from New Zealand and 29 animals from New South Wales that went extinct within the last 1,000 years. From this list, they chose 11 New Zealand species and five NSW species that…arrow_forward
- Which of the following is believed to be common among all mass extinction events? the type of event that causes the extinction the number of species that went extinct a significant change in the global climate the type of species that went extinctarrow_forwardThere have been five main mass extinctions. Match each mass extinction event to its description. 1. Permian extinction 2. Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction 3. Triassic extinction 4. Devonian extinction 5. Ordovician extinction a. This extinction was most likely due to a change in sea level. During this event, about 60% of all marine species were eliminated. b. This is the best-known mass extinction. It eliminated most large animals, including the dinosaurs. c. This was the most severe extinction event. About 96% of life on Earth died during this event. d. This extinction was most likely caused by climate change. About 80% of land animals died during this event. e. This extinction was most likely due to a change in sea level. It especially affected coral reefs.arrow_forwardSuppose that a type of tree tends to speciate over 10 million years and a species of fly tends to speciate over 1 million years. In the event of a mass extinction, which of the following predictions would LIKELY be true? A. It is impossible to determine how many niches or species the trees and flies would lead to over time. B. The trees would fill more niches and create more species than the flies. C. The flies would fill more niches and create more species than the trees. D. They would both lead to the same number of species.arrow_forward
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