EBK BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 8220102797352
Author: Raven
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 51, Problem 4S
Toll-like receptors have been found in a wide variety of organisms, including both protostomes and deuterostomes, and now in cnidarians. In addition, parts of the signaling system have been found in a wide variety of organisms as have parts of the complement system. What does this say about the evolution of innate immunity?
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Chapter 51 Solutions
EBK BIOLOGY
Ch. 51 - Cells that target and kill body cells infected by...Ch. 51 - Structures on invading cells recognized by the...Ch. 51 - Which one of the following acts as the alarm...Ch. 51 - Prob. 4UCh. 51 - Receptors that trigger innate immune responses a....Ch. 51 - Diseases in which the persons immune system no...Ch. 51 - Suppose that a new disease is discovered that...Ch. 51 - You start a new job in a research lab. The lab...Ch. 51 - In comparing T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins...Ch. 51 - If you have type AB blood, which of the following...
Ch. 51 - Suppose that you get a paper cut while studying....Ch. 51 - If you wanted to cure allergies by bioengineering...Ch. 51 - Why do we need to be repeatedly vaccinated for...Ch. 51 - Prob. 7ACh. 51 - Suppose you take a job in the marketing department...Ch. 51 - Prob. 2SCh. 51 - Prob. 3SCh. 51 - Toll-like receptors have been found in a wide...
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- What distinguishes constitutive resistance from an induced response? What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity? What evidence is there that acquired immunity exists in organisms other than vertebrates.arrow_forwardWhat kind of immune responses do insects have a) adaptive immunity only b) innate immunity only c) they have innate and adaptive immunity but the adaptive immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates d innate and adaptive immunityarrow_forwardWhat are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections: 1) TNF 2) IL-12 3) Type I Interferonarrow_forward
- To put an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed against the virus and people eligible to receive these are encouraged to get vaccinated. How do these vaccines work? * The vaccine will not cause the disease, but will help develop the body’s first line of defense. The vaccine mimics the virus that causes the disease and triggers the creation of antibodies. No answer The presence of the virus in the vaccine will improve the innate immune response of the body. The vaccine causes a mild infection that will trigger the production of antibodies against the virus.arrow_forwardIt's the first day of university exams and Sarah has woken up with a sore throat, headache, muscle aches and a low grade fever. Her GP diagnoses her with a viral infection and tells her to go home, rest and drink plenty of fluids.Question 1A:Name one of the most likely innate immune system receptors to initially detect this infection and where in host cells this receptor is located? Question 1B: Which cytokine primarily drives the innate anti-viral host response? Question 1C: Describe the antiviral signaling events that take place inside an infected cell in response to this cytokine. Question 1D: Provide a biological explanation for why Sarah was more likely to suffer a viral infection during her periodarrow_forwardWhat are toll-like receptors? How do they work? What do they bind? Give an example of one and what it specifically binds. How did it help in the discovery of the innate immune system and its quick response? Contrast it to the adaptive immune system.arrow_forward
- Why is it significant that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on both the plasma membrane and internal cell membranes?arrow_forwardconsider the figure below that shows time on the X axis and number of antigen- specific adaptive immune cells on the Y- axis. This figure provides a general accounting of an adaptive immune response that can be broken down into five stages.a. what is happening in stages 1 &2 that increases the number of cells ? b. what is happening to cells after 2 to cause a reduction of cell numbers? Phases of adaptive immune responses Recognition phase Activation phase Antigen elimination Contraction (homeostasis) Memory Antibody- producing Effector T cell Elimination of antigens lymphocyte Differentiation Humoral immunity Cell-mediated mmunity Surviving memory cells Antigen presenting cell Apoptosis Clonal expansion Naive T lymphocyte Naive B lymphocyte Days after 14 antigen exposure Need for proliferation and differentiation results in delay (typically 4-7 days) in the adaptive immune responsearrow_forwardA vaccination is developed for a novel viral infection, and the antigen used corresponds to a short stretch of a protein found on the surface of the virus. In clinical trials, people who were exposed to the virus a second time had superior immunity to people who were given the vaccine then exposed to the virus for the first time. What is the BEST explanation for this difference? The vaccination promoted the production of all memory B cells whereas natural infection promoted the proliferation of only those memory B cells specific to the virus. The vaccination promoted the production of the correct memory B cells whereas natural infection did not. People exposed to the virus were able to make many different antibodies that bind different antigens on the virus. Vaccinations promote selection of memory B cells, whereas a natural infection triggers production of cytotoxic B cells.arrow_forward
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