The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl 6 − molecule. Concept introduction: VSEPR theory: Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained. In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry. [Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109 .5 o , trigonal planar = 120 o , T-shape = 90 o ] Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model: Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule. Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom. Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

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Consider the A2X4 molecule depicted here, where A and Xare elements. The A¬A bond length in this molecule is d1,and the four A¬X bond lengths are each d2. (a) In terms ofd1 and d2, how could you define the bonding atomic radii ofatoms A and X? (b) In terms of d1 and d2, what would you predictfor the X¬X bond length of an X2 molecule? [Section 7.3]

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 6

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 7

Chapter 5, Problem 5.35SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-P-Cl angles have to be determined in PCl6− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Cl-I-Cl angle has to be determined in ICl2− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-S-O angle has to be determined in SO42− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The O-B-O angle has to be determined in BO33− molecule.

Concept introduction:

VSEPR theory:

Using VSEPR theory, the exact geometry of a molecule can be obtained.

In VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom

Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral = 109.5o, trigonal planar = 120o, T-shape = 90o]

Rules to predict the shapes of molecules by VSEPR model:

Write electron-dot structure of the given molecule.

Count the number of electron charge clouds surrounding the central atom.

Determine the geometric arrangement of charge clouds surround the each atom and assume its charge clouds can be oriented in the space as far away from one to another as possible.

Answer 14

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Solution Summary: The author explains VSEPR theory, based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom.

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