Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781118743164
Author: Jacquelyn G. Black, Laura J. Black
Publisher: WILEY
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Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 11SQ
What is feedback inhibition?
- (a) When the end product competitively inhibits the enzyme that produced it.
- (b) When the first enzyme in line shuts down because of a buildup in its substrate.
- (c) When an end product accumulates, it often binds to and inactivates the first enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway.
- (d) It is a reversible noncompetitive inhibition that regulates the rate of many
metabolic pathways. - (e) c and d.
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Students have asked these similar questions
(a) Give the substrate for each of the following enzymes:
(i) urease
(ii) fructose oxidase
(b) What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
(c) In feedback control, what type of regulator slows down the catalytic activity of the reaction series? Why aren't intermediate products in a reaction sequence used in feedback control?
In the metabolic pathway, A->B->C->D->E what effect would molecule E likely have on the enzyme that catalyzes A->B? (The answer is A. Could you justify the reason why the answer is A?)
a) Allosteric inhibitor
b)Allosteric activator
c) Competitive inhibitor
d) feedback activator
e) coenzyme
The active site of an enzyme is usually a groove or pocket on the surface that
A) binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme.
B) is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.
C) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor.
Chapter 5 Solutions
Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
Ch. 5 - How are photosynthesis and respiration related to...Ch. 5 - What is the main difference between...Ch. 5 - Distinguish between coenzyme and cofactor. How are...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2.2SCCh. 5 - Prob. 3.1SCCh. 5 - If four actual molecules of ATP are produced for...Ch. 5 - Prob. 3.3SCCh. 5 - Prob. 3.4SCCh. 5 - Prob. 4.1SCCh. 5 - What is returned to chlorophyll in cyclic...
Ch. 5 - What were probably the first kind of...Ch. 5 - What type of metabolism is characteristic of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1CCSCh. 5 - Suppose that you had a culture known to contain...Ch. 5 - In what sequence might the different kinds of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 3CTQCh. 5 - Which of the following is not true about...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2SQCh. 5 - Prob. 3SQCh. 5 - Prob. 4SQCh. 5 - Prob. 5SQCh. 5 - Prob. 6SQCh. 5 - Prob. 7SQCh. 5 - Prob. 8SQCh. 5 - All of the following statements about competitive...Ch. 5 - Prob. 10SQCh. 5 - What is feedback inhibition? (a) When the end...Ch. 5 - Which of the following is true regarding the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 13SQCh. 5 - Prob. 14SQCh. 5 - During aerobic cell respiration most of the energy...Ch. 5 - The typical end products of complete aerobic cell...Ch. 5 - Prob. 17SQCh. 5 - The end products of photosynthesis in...Ch. 5 - Which of the following final electron acceptors is...Ch. 5 - Prob. 20SQCh. 5 - Prob. 21SQ
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- A competitive inhibitor diminishes the rate of catalysis: A) By reducing the proportion of enzyme molecules bound to a substrate. OB) By altering the shape of the active site of the enzyme C) By binding to a regulatory subunit D) By enhancing the interaction between enzyme and reaction productarrow_forwardExamine the figure below, which compares the energetics of a catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction during the progress of the reaction from substrate (S) to product (P). The highest peak in such a diagram corresponds to the transition state, which is an unstable, high-energy arrangement of substrate atoms that is intermediate between substrate and product. The free energy required to surmount this barrier to the reaction is termed the activation energy. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy, thereby allowing a more rapid approach to equilibrium. UNCATALYZED activation energy progress of reaction CATALYZED activation energy S ES | progress of reaction free energy free energyarrow_forwarda) What is the Steady State assumption; how does steady state differ from equilibrium? b) Transition state; what are two ways that enzymes can decrease the transition state energy?arrow_forward
- Which model for enzyme-substrate chemical complementarity is described by the following: Before substrate binding, some enzyme molecules have active sites complementary to substrates and other enzyme molecules have non-complementary active sites. Substrate molecules preferentially bind to the enzyme molecules with complementary active sites. Non-complementary enzyme molecules undergo a structural change to become complementary to maintain conformational equilibrium. a) conformational selection b) induced fit c) lock and key...arrow_forwardA small molecule is produced from a set of enzymatic reactions from a precursor substrate. It has been shown that the small molecule is able to regulate its own production. In your own words, and based on course material only: a. Identify the regulatory process and; b. Explain how this process worksarrow_forwardThe binding of Protein X to the active site of an enzyme represents which type of enzyme regulation? Protein X Enzyme GO a) b) allosteric regulation zymogen activation feed-back inhibition modulator proteins regulation by isozymes Active Sitearrow_forward
- Many biosynthetic pathways are regulated by feedback control, where the product of a pathway turns off an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. Usually, this control comes from an allosteric interaction. Of the types of reversible enzyme inhibition (Competitive inhibition, Noncompetitive inhibition, and Uncompetitive inhibition), what type is most likely to occur in a feedback control mechanism like this and why?arrow_forwardIn an enzyme-catalyzed reversible reaction what happens when a) rate of change of enzyme-substrate complex concentration with time is positive b) rate of change of enzyme-substrate complex concentration with time is zero 9:0arrow_forwardThere are many metabolic pathways in a biological system, and it is critical to regulate these pathways so that only particular pathways are active at a single time. Which enzyme would be in the regulation point in the hypothetical pathway shown below. A¹B 2C 3 D4E A) A → B B) B-C C) C-D D) D→ E E) The regulation point is highly dependent upon the metabolic pathway.arrow_forward
- Therefore the role of the enzyme is to circle one: (regulate / speed up /inhibit) a reaction by circle one: (INCREASING / DECREASING) the Does the forward reaction require an input of cellular energy? circde one: (YES / NO) If yes, where does that energy come from? Does the forward reaction release energy? circle one: (YES / NO) If yes, what is that energy used to make? Is the activation energy provided by ATP circle one: (YES / NO). It is provided by physical strain on the bond from how the holds the c. The reverse reaction would be written as: Please select the correct letters from graph (a-e) to match the description for the reverse Activation energy without an enzyme. Activation energy with an enzyme. AG (change in free energy). reaction. Does the reverse reaction require an input of cellular energy (ATP) ? circle one: (YES / NO) If yes, where does that energy come from? Does the reverse reaction release energy? circle one: (YES / NO) If yes, what is that energy used to make?arrow_forward3) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many other cell types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: S b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as the perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzym called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation:arrow_forwarda) Describe a specific chemical reaction that occurs within the human body and state the name of the enzyme involved, the substrate(s) of the reaction, and the specific product(s) formed. b) Enzymes are not used up in chemical reactions. So, what exactly does an enzyme do? In your answer you should refer to activation energy. c) Explain what is meant by the induced fit action of an enzyme, referring to the role of the active site, and to the activation energy of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.arrow_forward
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