Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188138
Author: Peter H Raven, George B Johnson Professor, Kenneth A. Mason Dr. Ph.D., Jonathan Losos Dr., Susan Singer
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 48, Problem 3A
Countercurrent flow systems do not occur in lungs because they
a. require oxygen suspended in flowing water.
b. are limited to fish.
c. only work in moving organisms.
d. cannot operate in the presence of carbon dioxide.
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Respiratory organs of invertebrates and vertebrates are similar in that
a. they use negative pressure breathing.
b. they take advantage of countercurrent flow systems.
c. they increase the surface area available for diffusion.
d. the air flows through the organ in one direction.
Oxygen content of venous blood is measured in several vascular beds. Venous blood from which of the following organs most likely has the lowest content during rest? A. Brain B. Heart C . Kidney. D Lung. E. Skeletal muscle
Which of the following are true?
A. Peripheral Chemo receptors for O2 in H+ ions are found in the carotid and aortic bodies.
B. Peripheral chemoreceptors for O2 and H+ ions are found only in the carotid body.
C. Peripheral chemoreceptors for O2 and H+ ions are found only in the aortic body.
D. O2 and CO2 are monitored in the medulla
Choose the correct answer
Chapter 48 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 48 - Prob. 1UCh. 48 - Increased efficiency of gas exchange in...Ch. 48 - Prob. 3UCh. 48 - Prob. 4UCh. 48 - Ficks Law of Diffusion states the rate of...Ch. 48 - Prob. 6UCh. 48 - Prob. 7UCh. 48 - Prob. 8UCh. 48 - When you take a deep breath, your stomach moves...Ch. 48 - Marine mammals are able to hold their breath for...
Ch. 48 - Countercurrent flow systems do not occur in lungs...Ch. 48 - Respiratory organs of invertebrates and...Ch. 48 - Prob. 5ACh. 48 - During exercise more oxygen is delivered to the...Ch. 48 - Compare the operation and efficiency of fish gills...Ch. 48 - What happens when, during exercise, the oxygen...Ch. 48 - Explain how bacteria, archaea, protists, and many...
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- Countercurrent flow of water and blood increases the efficiency of gas exchange in ______. a. fishes c. birds b. amphibians d. all of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following is a true statement? A. The concentration of oxygen in water is greater than that in air. B. In animals with gills, ventilation helps to reduce the thickness of the boundary layer. C. Countercurrent flow at the gas-exchange surface results in the diffusion gradient across surface. D. Mammalian lungs requires the diaphragm because the lungs are relatively stiff and filled with parabronchi.arrow_forwardVentilation in the capillaries is matched to perfusion. This means that a. blood pressure from capillaries must match the pressure from the arterioles b. gas pressure in the alveolar must match the pressure in the bronchioles c. ventilation is never profuse enough d. ventilation in the alveolar must match the blood flow passing over those alveiolararrow_forward
- factors that affect the unloading (releasing ) of oxygen more quickly from hemoglobin include all the following except a. increased pressure of CO2 b. elevated chlorine ions c. increased temp d. lowered pHarrow_forwardIf the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally, A. The arterial PO2 would be normal. B. The oxygen content of arterial blood would be normal. C. Both A and B would apply. D. Neither A nor B would apply Which of the following would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? A. Arterial PO2 B. Arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation C. Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation D. Arterial PCO2arrow_forwardWhich of the following will cause the largest increase in systemic arterial oxygen saturation in the blood?a. an increase in red cell concentration (hematocrit) of 20%b. breathing 100% O2 in a healthy subject at sea levelc. an increase in arterial PO2 from 40 to 60 mmHgd. hyperventilation in a healthy subject at sea levele. breathing a gas with 5% CO2, 21% O2, and 74% N2 at sea levelarrow_forward
- O2 bound to hemoglobin: a. acts the same as physically dissolved oxygen b. Comes off the hemoglobin (dissociates) more easily as you increase the oxygen partial pressure c. exerts a partial pressure d. Comes off the hemoglobin (dissociates) more easily as you increase the acidity (decrease the pH) e. all the options are correct 2. Air convection in mammals is driven by a smaller pressure gradient than blood convection because: a. Bronchioles have a greater resistance to flow than arterioles b. bronchioles tend to have a smaller radius than arterioles and capillaries c. air is easier to move with pressure gradients than blood d. air generally travels farther in your body than does blood e. air is heavier than blood 3. The rate of diffusion of gases is NOT determined by which of the following? a. The area of the surface across which diffusion is occurring b. The mechanical energy…arrow_forwardCan you answer all the parts to this question regarding fish (please type the answer) Mammals have dead end sacs called “alveoli” and don’t have the super efficient countercurrent exchange system seen in fish. Why do you think countercurrent exchange is necessary for fish? (hint: think about the difference between where most mammals and fish live).arrow_forwardWith rare exceptions, the majority of oxygen is transported in the bloodof vertebratesa. by binding to plasma proteins.b. by binding to hemoglobin in erythrocytes.c. as dissolved gas in the plasma.d. as dissolved gas in the cytoplasm in the erythrocytes.e. by binding to myoglobin.arrow_forward
- Oxygen is mostly transported in the blooda. dissolved in plasma.b. bound to blood proteins.c. within HCO3−.d. bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin.arrow_forwardInteractions between the cardiovascular and respiratory system provide oxygen to the body.a. Describe the path of blood through the heart, including arteries and veins. Start at the blood entering the heart from the body. Indicate when blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.b. Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin. Describe how pH affects the deposition of oxygen in tissues c. What are two sources of oxygen stores in the body to allow for rapid use when undergoing physical exertion? d. Which chamber of the heart is the most muscular, and why?arrow_forwardThe maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is a. the tidal volume. b. the forced expiratory volume. c. the vital capacity. d. the maximum expiratory flow rate.arrow_forward
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