Concept explainers
To review:
Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.
Given:
The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:
Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.
Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.
LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.
A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.
Introduction:
In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.
In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.
Explanation of Solution
Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.
It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.
The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 46 Solutions
EBK LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
- Introduction to Neuroscience Schizophrenia, Anxiety, and Depression Describe the etiology of schizophrenia (two-hit hypothesis)arrow_forwardQuestion: Summarize the “brain-processing and memory consolidation hypothesis”arrow_forwardResearchers investigating the effect of exercise on cognitive functions conducted a con- trolled experiment in which rats were randomly assigned to sedentary (Sed), low-intensity exercise (Low-Ex), or high-intensity exercise (High-Ex) groups. During this exercise regi- ment, rats were also trained to navigate a specialized water maze, and their escape la tency, the time it took them to escape the maze, was recorded. The results of this experi- ment are depicted in the figure below. escape latency (sec) 100 80 60- 40- 20 0- day 10 day 11 Escape latencies during the training phase Based on the data above, day 12 (b) Identify the control group in the experiment. sed -- low-ex -- high-ex (a) Identify the dependent and independent variables in the experiment. day 13 Respond to each part in 3 to 4 complete sentences. (c) Compare the effects of low-intensity and high-intensity exercise on the rats' cognitive func- tion during the training period.arrow_forward
- Please answer in full explaination, thank you very much.arrow_forwardWhat is projected to happen to the number of people with Alzheimer's disease and the number of people over age 65 in the United States over the next 40 years? b. Based on the information provided, can you think of an explanation for the trends identified in the question above? a.arrow_forwardDiscuss the early and late associative effects in the cellular processes of neurons that occur as a consequence of classical conditioning.arrow_forward
- PLEASE HELP AND EXPLAIN BOTH QUESTIONS!arrow_forwardIf given the choice of treating Parkinson’s disease pharmacologically with L-Dopa or invasively using deep brain stimulation which option would you pick and why? (arrow_forwardPlease answer both.its all a one question. One way to classify brain regions is based on their function. Consequently, brain regions can be classified as Primary Sensory Areas, Unimodal Association Areas, or Multimodal Association Areas. a) What do Primary Sensory Areas and Unimodal Association Areas have in common? b) What do Multimodal Association Areas do, in general? And what is 1 example of a cognitive function that would require the involvement of Multimodal Association Areas?arrow_forward
- Describe the concept of ‘brain maps’ and some of the experiments by Penfield and others that led to and supported this idea.arrow_forwardPlease do both and explainarrow_forwardLewis structures of mescaline, a hallucinogenic compoundin peyote cactus, and dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the mam-malian brain, appear below. Suggest a reason for mescaline’sability to disrupt nerve impulsesarrow_forward