Concept explainers
Introduction:
Antigens are the substances which are specifically bounded by antibodies. It is a structural molecule that binds specifically to an antibody only in the form of a native antigen. It evokes an immune response either alone or forming a complex with larger molecules and that is capable of binding with a product of the immune response.
Answer to Problem 1PL
Correct answer:
The correct answer is option (a) on the red blood cell membranes.
Explanation of Solution
Explanation/justification for the correct answer:
Option (a) on the red blood cell membranes. The blood typing involves the identifying of protein substances called antigens, present on the outer surface of the red blood cell membranes. These include the antigens of the ABO group and those of the Rh group. The ABO blood group antigens are attached to the oligosaccharide chains that project over the surface of red blood cells. These chains are attached to proteins and lipids that lie over the surface of the red blood cell membrane. So, the correct answer is option (b).
Explanation for incorrect answer:
Option (b) within the red blood cell nucleus. The ABO blood group antigens are attached to the oligosaccharide chains that project over the surface of red blood cells and not within the nucleus. Also, the red blood cells are devoid of nucleus. So, this is an incorrect option.
Option (c) within the red blood cell cytosol. The ABO blood group antigens are attached to the oligosaccharide chains that project over the surface of red blood cells and not within the cytosol. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (d) on the surface of red blood cell ribosome. The ABO blood group antigens are attached to the oligosaccharide chains that project over the surface of red blood cells. These chains are attached to proteins and lipids that lie over the surface of the red blood cell membrane and not ribosome. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Thus, the antigens related to the ABO blood group are located on the surface of the red blood cell membranes.
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Chapter 43 Solutions
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR HUMAN ANATOMY & PH
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- 44) Concerning the functions of macrophages, which of the following statements is CORRECT: a. Macrophages can phagocytose pathogens and produce antibodies b. Macrophages can help T cells to stimulate complement c. Macrophages can phagocytose pathogens and are antigen presentation cells d. Macrophages activate the clotting cascade e. None of the abovearrow_forwardwhich of the following is most prevalent in circulationg blood? a. IgG b. IgM c. heavy chain of Antibody d. Light chain of Antibodyarrow_forwardExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Allergens differ from antigens because a. Allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle. b. Allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simple stimulate the inflammatory response. c. Allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body. d. Allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature.arrow_forward
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- Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a high contagious bacterium. People with tuberculosis will often have a persistent (sometimes bloody) cough, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. M. tuberculosis produces a protein we will call “X”. A new test for tuberculosis checks for X antibodies in a person’s blood. If the antibodies are present, the result is “positive.” Why would X antibodies be present in someone’s blood? What specific kind of cells would produce them?arrow_forwarda. Why is HIV resistant to vaccines? b. Describe how the immunoconjugate exerts its effects in cancer treatment. c. Discuss step by step mechanism of oxygen bindind and release by hemoglobin. d. What is heme? Explain the binding of heme to myoglobin.arrow_forwardUse the following terms below to develop a concept map on RED Blood Cell Blood Groups (central concept) Red Blood Cell Blood Groups (core concept to start map) Below is a example of a map… Fucose Ceramide Anti-A antibody Sphingosine Galactose H antigen Universal Donor Agglutination Rhesus Factor AB Blood type Glycolipid Erythrocyte Glycoproteins N- acetyl Galactosamine Glycophorin A Codominant Dominant Recessive N-acetyl glucosamine IA IB IO Anti-B Antibody Serological assay A-antigen B-antigen Anti-D antibody (aka anti-Rh) Fatty Acid Oligosaccharide H gene (FUT1) Anti-A antibody α-1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase α-1,3-galactosyl transferase (B-transferase) A blood-type Erythroblastosis fetalis B-blood type Universal Recipient O blood type Anti-M and N antibodies Bombay Phenotype ABO genearrow_forward
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning