Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
Chapter 42.2, Problem 3CC
Summary Introduction
To explain: The changes in functions of heart after regular exercise for several months.
Concept introduction:
Stroke volume means for each heart beat, the volume of blood is pumped out by each ventricle. The volume of blood pumped out through each ventricle by the heart per minute is the cardiac output. The cardiac output increases the active state and decreases in resting condition. The body has the ability to alter the heart rate and stroke volume.
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Students have asked these similar questions
In conditioned athletes, the resting Heart Rate is generally much lower than in non-athletes. Why?
a-because long-term exercise reduces Cardiac Output at rest to conserve energy
b-because athletes have a smaller Stroke Volume at rest, causing Heart Rate to decrease as well
c-because long-term exercise leads to increased vagal tone which slows Heart Rate
d-because athletes have stronger ventricles and therefore a larger Stroke Volume at rest, so they require fewer bpm to achieve the same Cardiac Output
. Cardiac output In the late 1860s, Adolf Fick, a professor of
physiology in the Faculty of Medicine in Würzberg, Germany.
developed one of the methods we use today for measuring how
much blood your heart pumps in a minute. Your cardiac output as
you read this sentence is probably about 7L/min. At rest it is
likely to be a bit under 6 L/min. If you are a trained marathon
runner running a marathon, your cardiac output can be as high as
30 L/min.
Your cardiac output can be calculated with the formula
where Qis the number of milliliters of CO, you exhale in a minute
and D is the difference between the CO, concentration (ml/L)
in the blood pumped to the lungs and the CO, concentration in
the blood returning from the lungs. With Q - 233 ml/min and
D - 97 - 56 - 41 ml/L,
233 ml/min
5.68 L/min,
41 ml/L
fairly close to the 6 L/min that most people have at basal (resting)
conditions. (Data courtesy of J. Kenneth Herd, M.D., Quillan Col-
lege of Medicine, East Tennessee State University.)…
24. When given an image of a cardiac contractile cell, such as the one belo describe
the steps that occur during excitation-contraction coupling (the "before op 1" step
show with the squiggly red arrow below), contraction (steps 1-6 below) AND
relaxation (steps 7-10 belowl). Be sure to fully describe the role of Ca*2 ATPase and
Na Ca+2 exchanger (NCX) in steps 9 and 101
ECF
ICF
SR
Ca2+
RyR
1.
Ca sparks
Ca signal
Contraction
Ltype
Ca
channel
2 K
ATP
ATP
3 Na
3 Nat Ca
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
(SR)
Cal stores
TALL
NCX
Relaxation
Ca2+
oe
FI
Actin
Myosin
Chapter 42 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 42.1 - Three-chambered hearts with incomplete septa were...Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 42.2 - Explain why blood has a higher 02 concentration in...Ch. 42.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 42.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 42.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 42.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 42.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 42.4 - Explain why a physician might order a white cell...
Ch. 42.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 42.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 42.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 42.5 - Why is an internal location for gas exchange...Ch. 42.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 42.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Describe similarities in the...Ch. 42.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 42.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 42.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 42.7 - What determines whether O2 and CO2 undergo net...Ch. 42.7 - How does the Bohr shift help deliver O2 to very...Ch. 42.7 - Prob. 3CCCh. 42 - How does the flow of a fluid in a closed...Ch. 42 - Prob. 42.2CRCh. 42 - Prob. 42.3CRCh. 42 - Prob. 42.4CRCh. 42 - Prob. 42.5CRCh. 42 - How does air in the lungs differ from the fresh...Ch. 42 - How are the roles of a respiratory pigment and an...Ch. 42 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 42 - Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a...Ch. 42 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 42 - When you hold your breath, which of the following...Ch. 42 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 42 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 42 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 42 - DRAW IT Plot blood pressure against time for one...Ch. 42 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION One opponent of the movie...Ch. 42 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 42 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 42 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS Some athletes...Ch. 42 - Prob. 13TYU
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Similar questions
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- Q4. THROUGH A PROPER DIAGRAMN, EXPLAIN ANATOMY OF THE HEART BLOOD, NERVE AND VENOUS SUPPLY?arrow_forwardCanvas ← X Ⓡ Question 22 The corresponding mechanical events of P wave and the QRS complex are oo O Depolarization of the ventricles; repolarization of the atria O O O Depolarization of the ventricles; polarization of the SA Node contraction of the atria; contraction of the ventricle Contraction of the AV node; relaxation of the SA node Repolarization of the ventricles; polarization of the atria and ventricles and respectively?arrow_forward5 High pressure in the systemic and pulmonary circuits often results in ventricular hypertrophy, in which the ventricle enlarges to pump against greater force. Which side(s) of the heart would be affected by high pressure in the pulmonary circuit? Which side(s) of the heart would be affected by high pressure in the systemic circuit? Explain.arrow_forward
- @22. why the heart is called a double pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits. ?arrow_forwardThe circulation and the homeostasis of the cellular environment: Describe (in the correct order) the sequence of blood flow through a four chambered mammalian heart. Be sure to address the following: Begin with the return of oxygen poor blood from the body (that is cells other than the lungs). Describe the chemical O2/C02 and glucose content of the blood in the key locations Describe the mechanisms that regulate the functioning of the system to maintain homeostasis.arrow_forward•Using the new cardiovascular drug Entresto, relate how the Cardiac action potential arriving at the surface of the sarcolema results in the mobilisation of intracellular calcium and subsequent cellular contraction. •Describe how this process is compromised in heart failure?arrow_forward
- 2. During standard physical activity - 20 squats in 30 seconds. heart rate increases due to the action of the limbic zone of the cortex through the reticulospinal pathway on the primary centers of the sympathetic nervous system. Answer: A. Name the department of the central nervous system where the primary centers of the sympathetic nervous system are located; B. Draw a diagram of the information transmission path from the primary centers of the sympathetic nervous system to the pacemaker of the heart with the participation of sympathetic nerves; C. Name the mediators and cytoreceptors in the ganglionic and nerve-organ synapses of this pathway; show the location of ganglionic and nerve-organ synapses on the diagram with arrows. D. The action of which blocking substance can prevent the appearance of such a reaction? (Explain the answer).arrow_forwardBased on the results shown in Figures 2A and 2B, was there a significant change in TP interval in either group? Explain your results using your knowledge of the cardiac cycle and of how the heart is regulated by electrical activity.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.arrow_forward
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