BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 42, Problem 2DA
Summary Introduction
To determine: The overall effect when the cell body receives input from two neurons at the same time that generates two potential.
Introduction: The neurotransmitters are found in the nervous system; these are either excitatory or inhibitory in nature. Excitatory neurotransmitters act to stimulate potential by producing the EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potential). The inhibitory postsynaptic potential is produced by inhibitory neurotransmitters (IPSP)
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Part C-Comparing and Contrasting the Two Types of Voltage-Gated lon Channels
Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they describe similarities or differences between voltage-gated K* channels and voltage-gated Na+
channels.
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The polarity of the substances they
transport across the membrane
The direction of ion movement
The stimulus that triggers opening
through the channel
The placement of the channel protein
relative to the membrane
The inactivation mechanism
Similarities
Differences
TUNOWIng table comparing the Na+ Channel AND the Na+K+ ATPase.
Na K+ ATPase
Voltage-Gated
Nat Channel
XION
Which ion or ions are transported?
This transporter requires ATP? (Y or N)
This protein is allosteric? (Y or N)
Active Transport or Passive Transport?
Polarizes axon or Depolarizes axon?
X
ions
·NO X
yes
Passive Xtransport active Xtransport
Polarizes axoni Depolarizes akon
X yes.
activges
(1) Ton)
(9)
membrane potential
-70mV
time
Which of the statements below describe a situation in which the change
in membrane potential above could cause the firing of an action
potential?
Select all that apply.
If the potential is counteracted by an IPSP.
If the neuron is in the relative refractory period.
If the potential is strong enough to bring the axon hillock to threshold.
If the potential is supplemented by a simultaneous (or near-
simultaneous) EPSP.
Chapter 42 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 42.1 - Differentiate between subdivisions of the...Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.1 - Explain the roles of the different nervous system...Ch. 42.2 - Contrast the relative concentrations of important...Ch. 42.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 42.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.4 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 42.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.5 - Describe the organization of the peripheral...Ch. 42.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.5 - Prob. 4LOCh. 42 - Data analysis Draw the resulting potentials for...Ch. 42 - Prob. 2DACh. 42 - Which of the following best describes the...Ch. 42 - The ____ cannot be controlled by conscious...Ch. 42 - Prob. 3UCh. 42 - Inhibitory neurotransmitters a. hyperpolarize...Ch. 42 - White matter is ______, and gray matter is...Ch. 42 - During an action potential a. the rising phase is...Ch. 42 - Prob. 7UCh. 42 - Imagine that you are doing an experiment on the...Ch. 42 - The Na+/K+ ATPase pump is a. not required for...Ch. 42 - Prob. 3ACh. 42 - The following is a list of the components of a...Ch. 42 - Prob. 5ACh. 42 - As you sit quietly reading this sentence, the part...Ch. 42 - G proteincoupled receptors are involved in the...Ch. 42 - Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a drug that blocks...Ch. 42 - Describe the status of the Na+ and K+ channels at...Ch. 42 - Describe the steps required to produce an...Ch. 42 - Prob. 4S
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- voltmeter microelectrode electrode Giant squid axon A voltmeter was used to measure the potential difference across the cell membrane of a giant squid axon. Which of the following best explains the voltmeter reading? Select one: a. The threshold potential has not been reached. b. The sodium potassium exchange pumps are working to take out the sodium ions and bring in the potassium ions. c. The potassium ions have rushed out of the axon, and the potassium channels are slow to shut down. d. The sodium ions have rushed into the axon, and the sodium channels are closing.arrow_forwardIf the membrane potential of a neuron drops to -55mV and sodium ions start to flow from outside to inside the neuron at this moment. How much energy will be released or used up during this flow of sodium ions if the concentration of sodium ions outside and inside the membrane was 1.5 M and 0.75 M respectively.arrow_forwardBased on the same attached figure as in question 1 above (Figure 6.8A-B in your textbook) describing the NMDA receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel for glutamate, why does the current versus voltage response described by the red line go from near zero to a negative current at around -50 mV? (A) Channel pore Glutamate Mg2+ (B) EPSC (PA) 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 Hyperpolarized, Mg2+ blocks ORA Glutamate + Mg2+ 0/ + Na Ca²+ Glutamate, no Mg2+ Depolarized, no Mg2+ block while K+ 100 Mg2+arrow_forward
- Depolarisation & repolarisation in metaneuron - put the following events in order (from 1 to 4). Membrane potential crosses the threshold potential and an action potential is achieved. Depolarisation occurs when the applied current is sufficient to move membrane potential towards neutral. The neuron's membrane potential drops below the initial resting membrane potential and temporarily becomes refractory to further action potentials. Membrane quickly repolarises by opening of Kt channels, allowing K* ions to leave the cell and charge separation to be re-established.arrow_forwardActivation of which pathway leads to a disinhibition of the thalamus and increased cortical activation? Basal nuclei D Cortex I GABA - Glutamate - Dopamine Striatum C B GPe A GPi/SNr SNC STN GPI/SNr Thalamus O Both B and C O B O A E LK C Fn Altarrow_forwardNeurons a. How does the neuron re-establish its resting membrane potential after an action potential? -Sodium (Na+) gated channels close -Sodium (Na+) gated channels open -Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) gated channels close -Sodium/ potassium pumps (Na+/K+ pumps) exchange ions b.Which of the ion channels utilizes a passive transport system (in other words, do not require ATP)? Mark all that apply. -K+ leak channels -K+ channels (gates) -Na+ leak channels -Na+ channels (gates) -Na+/K+ pumps c.The absolute refractory period occurs when the neuron is undergoing the action potential and implies it cannot be further stimulated. True or False d. After an action potential, as the neuron repolarizes, the resting membrane potential is immediately re-established True or False e.Match the type of gate or process with its overall effect on the neuron So Match each term with the best-fit description. Terms: Na+/K+ pump K+ voltage gate Resting membrane potential Hyperpolarization Na+ voltage gate…arrow_forward
- Depolarisation & repolarisation in metaneuron - put the following events in order (from 1 to 4). Membrane potential crosses the threshold potential and an action potential is achieved. Depolarisation occurs when the applied current is sufficient to move membrane potential towards neutral. The neuron’s membrane potential drops below the initial resting membrane potential and temporarily becomes refractory to further action potentials. Membrane quickly repolarises by opening of K+ channels, allowing K+ions to leave the cell and charge separation to be re-established.arrow_forwardWhat is the free energy change for the transport of calcium ions (Ca++) across a membrane from a region (left) where the concentration is 50 micromolar to a region (right) where the concentration is 50 micromolar? A membrane potential of 60 mV exists across the membrane where the right side is more negative than the left side. The temperature is 25 C.arrow_forwardExplain why the inside of the membrane changes form a jet negative charge to a positive charge at the peak of the action potential and then back to a net negative charge after the action of potential.arrow_forward
- From the image provided. Do you think that a membrane potential exists for this synthetic plasma membrane? If your answer is “yes,” please indicate whether it is negative or positive at the region closer to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardMembrane potential in cells is constantly fluctuating. These fluctuations are called graded potentials and we will learn more about them in future lectures. Look at the fluctuating graded potential in the graph as an example. If Cl- generally has a relatively low membrane permeability, how would increasing Cl- permeability affect this graph?arrow_forwardAn analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod cell’s PDE activity, and is as effective as cGMP in opening the gated channel in the cell’s outer segment. If you suspended rod cells in a buffer containing a relatively high [8-Br-cGMP], then illuminatedthe cells while measuring their membrane potential, what would you observe?arrow_forward
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