Concept explainers
Fracking The journal Energy Policy (2014, 65: 57–67) presents a survey of opinions about fracking. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the process of drilling through rock and injecting a pressurized mixture of sand, water, and chemicals that fractures the rock and releases oil and gas. There has been much debate in the media about its impact on the environment, on land owners, and on the economy. The survey involved contacting a nationally representative sample of 1960 adults in 2012. Of the 1960 people contacted, 1061 adults responded to the survey. The study reported that those more familiar with fracking, women, and those holding egalitarian worldviews were more likely to oppose fracking.
- a. Describe the population of interest for this study.
- b. Explain why a census is not practical for this study. What advantages does sampling offer?
- c. Explain how nonresponse bias might be an issue in this study.
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Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
- Cholesterol Cholesterol in human blood is necessary, but too much can lead to health problems. There are three main types of cholesterol: HDL (high-density lipoproteins), LDL (low-density lipoproteins), and VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins). HDL is considered βgoodβ cholesterol; LDL and VLDL are considered βbadβ cholesterol. A standard fasting cholesterol blood test measures total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. These numbers are used to estimate LDL and VLDL, which are difficult to measure directly. Your doctor recommends that your combined LDL/VLDL cholesterol level be less than 130 milligrams per deciliter, your HDL cholesterol level be at least 60 milligrams per deciliter, and your total cholesterol level be no more than 200 milligrams per deciliter. (a) Write a system of linear inequalities for the recommended cholesterol levels. Let x represent the HDL cholesterol level, and let y represent the combined LDL VLDL cholesterol level. (b) Graph the system of inequalities from part (a). Label any vertices of the solution region. (c) Is the following set of cholesterol levels within the recommendations? Explain. LDL/VLDL: 120 milligrams per deciliter HDL: 90 milligrams per deciliter Total: 210 milligrams per deciliter (d) Give an example of cholesterol levels in which the LDL/VLDL cholesterol level is too high but the HDL cholesterol level is acceptable. (e) Another recommendation is that the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol be less than 4 (that is, less than 4 to 1). Identify a point in the solution region from part (b) that meets this recommendation, and explain why it meets the recommendation.arrow_forwardA study is being conducted on the effect of gas price on the number of miles driven in a given month. Residents in two cities, one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast, are randomly selected and asked to complete a questionnaire on the type of car they drive, the number of miles they live from work, the number of children under 18 in their household, their monthly income, and the number of miles they have driven over the past 30 days. (a) List the response variable(s) and the type of measurement scale (nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio) associated with each response variable.arrow_forwardTourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Let Pβ = population proportion of rooms occupied for current year P2 = population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year Occupied Rooms Total Rooms 1,360 1,700 1,309 1,700 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Ho P1 P2 - Select your answer - Ha Pβ P2 - Select your answer - b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current Year Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value = Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? Previous Year - We - Select your answer that thereβ¦arrow_forward
- Sleep apnea is a condition in which the sufferers stop breathing momentarily while they are asleep. This condition results in lack of sleep and extreme fatigue during waking hours. A current estimate is that 12.8million out of the 312.7 million Americans suffer from sleep apnea, or approximately 4.1%. A safety commission is concerned about the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea. They do not have any reason to believe that it would be higher or lower than the populationβs percentage. To test the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 4.1%, a simple random sample of 392 commercial truck drivers is examined by a medical expert, who concludes that 24 suffer from sleep apnea. Does this evidence support the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 4.1%? Use a 0.02 level of significance. Β Step 1 of 3 : State the null and alternative hypotheses for the test.β¦arrow_forwardSleep apnea is a condition in which the sufferers stop breathing momentarily while they are asleep. This condition results in lack of sleep and extreme fatigue during waking hours. A current estimate is that 15 million out of the 312.7 million Americans suffer from sleep apnea, or approximately 4.8%. A safety commission is concerned about the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea. They do not have any reason to believe that it would be higher or lower than the populationβs percentage. To test the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 4.8%, a simple random sample of 339 commercial truck drivers is examined by a medical expert, who concludes that 7 suffer from sleep apnea. Does this evidence support the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 4.8%? Use a 0.05 level of significance. Β StepΒ 3Β ofΒ 3Β :Β Β Draw a conclusion and interpret the decision.β¦arrow_forwardSleep apnea is a condition in which the sufferers stop breathing momentarily while they are asleep. This condition results in lack of sleep and extreme fatigue during waking hours. A current estimate is that 15 million out of the 312.7million Americans suffer from sleep apnea, or approximately 4.8%. A safety commission is concerned about the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea. They do not have any reason to believe that it would be higher or lower than the populationβs percentage. To test the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 4.8%, a simple random sample of 339 commercial truck drivers is examined by a medical expert, who concludes that 7 suffer from sleep apnea. Does this evidence support the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 4.8%? Use a 0.05 level of significance. Β StepΒ 2Β ofΒ 3Β :Β Β Compute the value of the test statistic. Round yourβ¦arrow_forward
- Sleep apnea is a condition in which the sufferers stop breathing momentarily while they are asleep. This condition results in lack of sleep and extreme fatigue during waking hours. A current estimate is that 10 million out of the 312.7 million Americans suffer from sleep apnea, or approximately 3.2%. A safety commission is concerned about the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea. They do not have any reason to believe that it would be higher or lower than the populationβs percentage. To test the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 3.2%, a simple random sample of 409 commercial truck drivers is examined by a medical expert, who concludes that 21 suffer from sleep apnea. Does this evidence support the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 3.2%? Use a 0.05 level of significance. Β StepΒ 2Β ofΒ 3Β :Β Compute the value of the test statistic. Round yourβ¦arrow_forwardSleep apnea is a condition in which the sufferers stop breathing momentarily while they are asleep. This condition results in lack of sleep and extreme fatigue during waking hours. A current estimate is thatΒ 16.3Β million out of theΒ 312.7Β million Americans suffer from sleep apnea, or approximatelyΒ 5.2%. A safety commission is concerned about the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea. They do not have any reason to believe that it would be higher or lower than the populationβs percentage. To test the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is notΒ 5.2%, a simple random sample ofΒ 380380Β commercial truck drivers is examined by a medical expert, who concludes thatΒ 29Β suffer from sleep apnea. Does this evidence support the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is notΒ 5.2%? Use aΒ 0.01Β level of significance. Β StepΒ 1Β ofΒ 3Β :Β Β State the null and alternative hypotheses for the test.β¦arrow_forwardSleep apnea is a condition in which the sufferers stop breathing momentarily while they are asleep. This condition results in lack of sleep and extreme fatigue during waking hours. A current estimate is that 9.7 million out of the 312.7million Americans suffer from sleep apnea, or approximately 3.1%A safety commission is concerned about the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea. They do not have any reason to believe that it would be higher or lower than the populationβs percentage. To test the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 3.1%, a simple random sample of 406commercial truck drivers is examined by a medical expert, who concludes that 55 suffer from sleep apnea. Does this evidence support the claim that the percentage of commercial truck drivers who suffer from sleep apnea is not 3.1%?Use a 0.05 level of significance. Β StepΒ 3Β ofΒ 3Β :Β Draw a conclusion and interpret the decision.arrow_forward
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