Linear Algebra and Its Applications (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321982384
Author: David C. Lay, Steven R. Lay, Judi J. McDonald
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4.2, Problem 19E
For the matrices in Exercises 17–20, (a) find k such that Nul A is a subspace of ℝk, and (b) find k such that Col A is a subspace of ℝk
19. A =
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Let
1
A = [23]
4
Recall that row (A) and nul(A) are
orthogonal complements. So we can split
any x E R² into a unique component x,
in row(A) and a unique component Xn in
nul(A) such that
X = Xr+ Xn.
Problem 3: Consider the set of polynomials {-1+3t – 21², 4 – 10t + 3t², 4 – 8t – 21²} .
Let p¡(t) = – 1 + 3t – 21², p2(t) = 4 – 10t + 3ť², and p3(t) = 4 – 8t – 21². Let
H = span {p,(t), P2(t), P3(t)}, which is a subset of P,.
In the vector space P3(R), let S = {p1(x), P2(x), P3(x)}, where
p1 (x) = 63x° + 19x² – 37x – 41,
P2(x) = –189x – 57x² + 111x + 123,
P3 (x) = 45x – 26x? – 55x + 92.
(a) Determine whether S is linearly independent.
(b) Determine whether (S) = P3(R).
(c) Find the dimension of (S).
4.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Linear Algebra and Its Applications (5th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - Show that the set H of all points in 2 of the form...Ch. 4.1 - Let W = Span{v1,...,vp}, where v1,..,vp are in a...Ch. 4.1 - An n n matrix A is said to be symmetric if AT =...Ch. 4.1 - Let V be the first quadrant in the xy-plane; that...Ch. 4.1 - Let W be the union of the first and third...Ch. 4.1 - Let H be the set of points inside and on the unit...Ch. 4.1 - Construct a geometric figure that illustrates why...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 58, determine if the given set is a...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 58, determine if the given set is a...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 58, determine if the given set is a...
Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 58, determine if the given set is a...Ch. 4.1 - Let H be the set of all vectors of the form...Ch. 4.1 - Let H be the set of all vectors of the form...Ch. 4.1 - Let W be the set of all vectors of the form...Ch. 4.1 - Let W be the set of all vectors of the form...Ch. 4.1 - Let v1 = [101], v2 = [213], v3 = [426], and w=...Ch. 4.1 - Let v1, v2, v3 be as in Exercise 13, and let w =...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 1518, let W be the set of all vectors...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 1518, let W be the set of all vectors...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 1518, let W be the set of all vectors...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 1518, let W be the set of all vectors...Ch. 4.1 - If a mass m is placed at the end of a spring, and...Ch. 4.1 - The set of all continuous real-valued functions...Ch. 4.1 - Determine if the set H of all matrices of the form...Ch. 4.1 - Let F be a fixed 32 matrix, and let H be the set...Ch. 4.1 - In Exercises 23 and 24, mark each statement True...Ch. 4.1 - a. A vector is any element of a vector space. b....Ch. 4.1 - Exercises 2529 show how the axioms for a vector...Ch. 4.1 - Exercises 2529 show how the axioms for a vector...Ch. 4.1 - Exercises 2529 show how the axioms for a vector...Ch. 4.1 - Exercises 2529 show how the axioms for a vector...Ch. 4.1 - Exercises 2529 show how the axioms for a vector...Ch. 4.1 - Suppose cu = 0 for some nonzero scalar c. Show...Ch. 4.1 - Let u and v be vectors in a vector space V, and...Ch. 4.1 - Let H and K be sub spaces of a vector space V. The...Ch. 4.1 - Given subspaces H and K of a vector space V, the...Ch. 4.1 - Suppose u1,..., up and v1,..., vq are vectors in a...Ch. 4.1 - [M] Show that w is in the subspace of 4 spanned by...Ch. 4.1 - [M] Determine if y is in the subspace of 4 spanned...Ch. 4.1 - [M] The vector space H = Span {1, cos2t, cos4t,...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.2 - Let W = {[abc]:a3bc=0}. Show in two different ways...Ch. 4.2 - Let A = [735415524], v = [211], and w = [763]....Ch. 4.2 - Let A be an n n matrix. If Col A = Nul A, show...Ch. 4.2 - Determine if w = [134] is in Nul A, where A =...Ch. 4.2 - Determine if w = [532] is in Nul A, where A =...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 36, find an explicit description of...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 36, find an explicit description of...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 36, find an explicit description of...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 36, find an explicit description of...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 714, either use an appropriate...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 15 and 16, find A such that the given...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.2 - For the matrices in Exercises 1720, (a) find k...Ch. 4.2 - For the matrices in Exercises 1720, (a) find k...Ch. 4.2 - For the matrices in Exercises 1720, (a) find k...Ch. 4.2 - For the matrices in Exercises 17-20, (a) find k...Ch. 4.2 - With A as in Exercise 17, find a nonzero vector in...Ch. 4.2 - With A as in Exercise 3, find a nonzero vector in...Ch. 4.2 - Let A=[61236] and w=[21]. Determine if w is in Col...Ch. 4.2 - Let A=[829648404] and w=[212]. Determine w is in...Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 25 and 26, A denotes an m n matrix....Ch. 4.2 - In Exercises 25 and 26, A denotes an m n matrix....Ch. 4.2 - It can be shown that a solution of the system...Ch. 4.2 - Consider the following two systems of equations:...Ch. 4.2 - Prove Theorem 3 as follows: Given an m n matrix...Ch. 4.2 - Let T : V W be a linear transformation from a...Ch. 4.2 - Define T : p2 by T(p)=[p(0)p(1)]. For instance, if...Ch. 4.2 - Define a linear transformation T: p2 2 by...Ch. 4.2 - Let M22 be the vector space of all 2 2 matrices,...Ch. 4.2 - (Calculus required) Define T : C[0, 1 ] C[0, 1]...Ch. 4.2 - Let V and W be vector spaces, and let T : V W be...Ch. 4.2 - Given T : V W as in Exercise 35, and given a...Ch. 4.2 - [M] Determine whether w is in the column space of...Ch. 4.2 - [M] Determine whether w is in the column space of...Ch. 4.2 - [M] Let a1,,a5 denote the columns of the matrix A,...Ch. 4.2 - [M] Let H = Span {v1, v2} and K = Span {v3, v4},...Ch. 4.3 - Let v1=[123] and v2=[279]. Determine if {v1, v2}...Ch. 4.3 - Let v1=[134], v2=[621], v3=[223], and v4=[489]....Ch. 4.3 - Let v1=[100], v2=[010], and H={[ss0]:sin}. Then...Ch. 4.3 - Let V and W be vector spaces, let T : V W and U :...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Determine which sets in Exercises 1-8 are bases...Ch. 4.3 - Find bases for the null spaces of the matrices...Ch. 4.3 - Find bases for the null spaces of the matrices...Ch. 4.3 - Find a basis for the set of vectors in 3 in the...Ch. 4.3 - Find a basis for the set of vectors in 2 on the...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 13 and 14, assume that A is row...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 13 and 14, assume that A is row...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 15-18, find a basis for the space...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 15-18, find a basis for the space...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 15-18, find a basis for the space...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 15-18, find a basis for the space...Ch. 4.3 - Let v1=[437], v2=[192], v3=[7116], and H =...Ch. 4.3 - Let v1=[7495], v2=[4725], v3=[1534]. It can be...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 21 and 22, mark each statement True...Ch. 4.3 - In Exercises 21 and 22, mark each statement True...Ch. 4.3 - Suppose 4 = Span {v1,,v4}. Explain why {v1,,v4} is...Ch. 4.3 - Let B = {v1,..., vn} be a linearly independent set...Ch. 4.3 - Let v1=[101], v2=[011], v3=[010], and let H be the...Ch. 4.3 - In the vector space of all real-valued functions,...Ch. 4.3 - Let V be the vector space of functions that...Ch. 4.3 - (RLC circuit) The circuit in the figure consists...Ch. 4.3 - Exercises 29 and 30 show that every basis for n...Ch. 4.3 - Exercises 29 and 30 show that every basis for n...Ch. 4.3 - Exercises 31 and 32 reveal an important connection...Ch. 4.3 - Exercises 31 and 32 reveal an important connection...Ch. 4.3 - Consider the polynomials p1(t) = 1 + t2 and p2(t)...Ch. 4.3 - Consider the polynomials p1(t) = 1 + t, p2(t) = 1 ...Ch. 4.3 - Let V be a vector space that contains a linearly...Ch. 4.3 - [M] Let H = Span {u1, u2, u3} and K = Span{v1,v2,...Ch. 4.3 - [M] Show that {t, sin t, cos 2t, sin t cos t} is a...Ch. 4.3 - [M] Show that {1, cos t, cos2 t,..., cos6t} is a...Ch. 4.4 - Let b1=[100], b2=[340], b3=[363], and x=[823]. a....Ch. 4.4 - The set B = {1 + t, 1 + t2, t + t2} is a basis for...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 1-4, find the vector x determined by...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 1-4, find the vector x determined by...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 1-4, find the vector x determined by...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 1-4, find the vector x determined by...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 5-8, find the coordinate vector [ x...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 5-8, find the coordinate vector [ x...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 5-8, find the coordinate vector [ x...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 5-8, find the coordinate vector [ x...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 9 and 10, find the...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 9 and 10, find the...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 11 and 12, use an inverse matrix to...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 11 and 12, use an inverse matrix to...Ch. 4.4 - The set B = {1 + t2, t + t2, 1 + 2t + t2} is a...Ch. 4.4 - The set B = {1 t2, t t2, 2 2t + t2} is a basis...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 15 and 16, mark each statement True...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 15 and 16, mark each statement True...Ch. 4.4 - The vectors v1=[13], v2=[28], v3=[37] span 2 but...Ch. 4.4 - Let B = {b1,...,bn} be a basis for a vector space...Ch. 4.4 - Let S be a finite set in a vector space V with the...Ch. 4.4 - Suppose {v1,...,v4} is a linearly dependent...Ch. 4.4 - Let B={[14],[29]}. Since the coordinate mapping...Ch. 4.4 - Let B = {b1,...,bn} be a basis for n. Produce a...Ch. 4.4 - Exercises 23-26 concern a vector space V, a basis...Ch. 4.4 - Exercises 23-26 concern a vector space V, a basis...Ch. 4.4 - Exercises 23-26 concern a vector space V, a basis...Ch. 4.4 - Exercises 23-26 concern a vector space V, a basis...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 27-30, use coordinate vectors to test...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 27-30, use coordinate vectors to test...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 27-30, use coordinate vectors to test...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 27-30, use coordinate vectors to test...Ch. 4.4 - Use coordinate vectors to test whether the...Ch. 4.4 - Let p1 (t) = 1 + t2, p2(t) = t 3t2, p3 (t) = 1 +...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 33 and 34, determine whether the sets...Ch. 4.4 - In Exercises 33 and 34, determine whether the sets...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.4 - [M] Let H = Span{v1,v2, v3} and B ={v1,v2, v3}....Ch. 4.4 - [M] Exercises 37 and 38 concern the crystal...Ch. 4.4 - [M] Exercises 37 and 38 concern the crystal...Ch. 4.5 - Decide whether each statement is True or False,...Ch. 4.5 - Let H and K be subspaces of a vector space V. In...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - For each subspace in Exercises 1-8, (a) find a...Ch. 4.5 - Find the dimension of the subspace of all vectors...Ch. 4.5 - Find the dimension of the subspace H of 2 spanned...Ch. 4.5 - In Exercises 11 and 12, find the dimension of the...Ch. 4.5 - In Exercises 11 and 12, find the dimension of the...Ch. 4.5 - Determine the dimensions of Nul A and Col A for...Ch. 4.5 - Determine the dimensions of Nul A and Col A for...Ch. 4.5 - Determine the dimensions of Nul A and Col A for...Ch. 4.5 - Determine the dimensions of Nul A and Col A for...Ch. 4.5 - Determine the dimensions of Nul A and Col A for...Ch. 4.5 - In Exercises 19 and 20, V is a vector space. Mark...Ch. 4.5 - In Exercises 19 and 20, V is a vector space. Mark...Ch. 4.5 - The first four Hermite polynomials are 1, 2t, 2 +...Ch. 4.5 - The first four Laguerre polynomials are 1, 1 t, 2...Ch. 4.5 - Let B be the basis of 3 consisting of the Hermite...Ch. 4.5 - Let B be the basis of 2 consisting of the first...Ch. 4.5 - Let S be a subset of an n-dimensional vector space...Ch. 4.5 - Let H be an n-dimensional subspace of an...Ch. 4.5 - Explain why the space of all polynomials is an...Ch. 4.5 - Show that the space C() of all continuous...Ch. 4.5 - In Exercises 29 and 30, V is a nonzero...Ch. 4.5 - In Exercises 29 and 30, V is a nonzero...Ch. 4.5 - Exercises 31 and 32 concern finite-dimensional...Ch. 4.5 - Exercises 31 and 32 concern finite-dimensional...Ch. 4.6 - The matrices below are row equivalent....Ch. 4.6 - The matrices below are equivalent....Ch. 4.6 - The matrices below are row equivalent....Ch. 4.6 - The matrices below are equivalent....Ch. 4.6 - In Exercises 1-4, assume that the matrix A is row...Ch. 4.6 - In Exercises 1-4, assume that the matrix A is row...Ch. 4.6 - In Exercises 1-4, assume that the matrix A is row...Ch. 4.6 - In Exercises 1-4, assume that the matrix A is row...Ch. 4.6 - If a 3 8 matrix A has rank 3, find dim Nul A, dim...Ch. 4.6 - If a 6 3 matrix A has rank 3, find dim Nul A, dim...Ch. 4.6 - Suppose a 4 7 matrix A has four pivot columns. Is...Ch. 4.6 - Suppose a 5 6 matrix A has four pivot columns....Ch. 4.6 - If the null space of a 5 6 matrix A is...Ch. 4.6 - If the null space of a 7 6 matrix A is...Ch. 4.6 - If the null space of an 8 5 matrix A is...Ch. 4.6 - If the null space of a 5 6 matrix A is...Ch. 4.6 - If A is a 7 5 matrix, what is the largest...Ch. 4.6 - If A is a 4 3 matrix, what is the largest...Ch. 4.6 - If A is a 6 8 matrix, what is the smallest...Ch. 4.6 - If A is a 6 4 matrix, what is the smallest...Ch. 4.6 - In Exercises 17 and 18, A is an m n matrix. Mark...Ch. 4.6 - In Exercises 17 and 18, A is an m n matrix. Mark...Ch. 4.6 - Suppose the solutions of a homogeneous system of...Ch. 4.6 - Suppose a nonhomogeneous system of six linear...Ch. 4.6 - Suppose a nonhomogeneous system of nine linear...Ch. 4.6 - Is it possible that all solutions of a homogeneous...Ch. 4.6 - A homogeneous system of twelve linear equations in...Ch. 4.6 - Is it possible for a nonhomogeneous system of...Ch. 4.6 - A scientist solves a nonhomogeneous system of ten...Ch. 4.6 - In statistical theory, a common requirement is...Ch. 4.6 - Exercises 27-29 concern an m n matrix A and what...Ch. 4.6 - Exercises 27-29 concern an m n matrix A and what...Ch. 4.6 - Exercises 27-29 concern an m n matrix A and what...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.6 - Rank 1 matrices are important in some computer...Ch. 4.6 - Rank 1 matrices are important in some computer...Ch. 4.6 - Rank 1 matrices are important in some computer...Ch. 4.7 - Let B = {b1, b2} and C = {c1, c2} be bases for a...Ch. 4.7 - Let B = {b1, b2} and C = {c1, c2} be bases for a...Ch. 4.7 - Let u = {u1, u2} and w = {w1, w2} be bases for V,...Ch. 4.7 - Let A = {a1, a2, a3} and D = {d1, d2, d3} be bases...Ch. 4.7 - Let A = {a1, a2, a3} and B = {b1, b2, b3} be bases...Ch. 4.7 - Let D = {d1, d2, d3} and F = {f1, f2, f3} be bases...Ch. 4.7 - In Exercises 7-10, let B = {b1, b2} and C = {c1,...Ch. 4.7 - In Exercises 7-10, let B = {b1, b2} and C = {c1,...Ch. 4.7 - In Exercises 7-10, let B = {b1, b2} and C = {c1,...Ch. 4.7 - In Exercises 7-10, let B = {b1, b2} and C = {c1,...Ch. 4.7 - In Exercises 11 and 12, B and C are bases for a...Ch. 4.7 - In Exercises 11 and 12, B and C are bases for a...Ch. 4.7 - In 2 find the change-of-coordinates matrix from...Ch. 4.7 - In 2 find the change-of-coordinates matrix from...Ch. 4.7 - Exercises 15 and 16 provide a proof of Theorem 15....Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.7 - [M] Let P=[121350461],v1=[223],v2=[852],v3=[726]...Ch. 4.7 - Let B = {b1, b2}, C = {c1, c2}, and D = {d1, d2}...Ch. 4.8 - Verify that the signals in Exercises 1 and 2 are...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.8 - Show that the signals in Exercises 3-6 form a...Ch. 4.8 - Show that the signals in Exercises 3-6 form a...Ch. 4.8 - Show that the signals in Exercises 3-6 form a...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.8 - In Exercises 13-16, find a basis for the solution...Ch. 4.8 - In Exercises 13-16, find a basis for the solution...Ch. 4.8 - In Exercises 13-16, find a basis for the solution...Ch. 4.8 - In Exercises 13-16, find a basis for the solution...Ch. 4.8 - Exercises 17 and 18 concern a simple model of the...Ch. 4.8 - Exercises 17 and 18 concern a simple model of the...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.8 - A lightweight cantilevered beam is supported at N...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.8 - Write the difference equations in Exercises 29 and...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.8 - Let yk = k2 and zk = 2k|k|. Are the signals {yk}...Ch. 4.8 - Let f, g, and h be linearly independent functions...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.9 - Suppose the residents of a metropolitan region...Ch. 4.9 - Prob. 2PPCh. 4.9 - Prob. 3PPCh. 4.9 - A small remote village receives radio broadcasts...Ch. 4.9 - A laboratory animal may cat any one of three foods...Ch. 4.9 - On any given day, a student is either healthy or...Ch. 4.9 - The weather in Columbus is either good,...Ch. 4.9 - In Exercises 5-8, find the steady-state vector. 5....Ch. 4.9 - In Exercises 5-8, find the steady-state vector. 6....Ch. 4.9 - In Exercises 5-8, find the steady-state vector. 7....Ch. 4.9 - In Exercises 5-8, find the steady-state vector. 8....Ch. 4.9 - Determine if p=[.21.80] is a regular stochastic...Ch. 4.9 - Determine if p=[1.20.8] is a regular stochastic...Ch. 4.9 - a. Find the steady-state vector for the Markov...Ch. 4.9 - Refer to Exercise 2. Which food will the animal...Ch. 4.9 - a. Find the steady-state vector for the Markov...Ch. 4.9 - Refer to Exercise 4. In the long run, how likely...Ch. 4.9 - Let P be an n n stochastic matrix. The following...Ch. 4.9 - Show that every 2 2 stochastic matrix has at...Ch. 4.9 - Let S be the 1 n row matrix with a 1 in each...Ch. 4.9 - Prob. 20ECh. 4 - Mark each statement True or False. Justify each...Ch. 4 - Find a basis for the set of all vectors of the...Ch. 4 - Let u1=[246], u2=[125], b=[b1b2b3], and W =...Ch. 4 - Explain what is wrong with the following...Ch. 4 - Consider the polynomials p1(t) = 1 +t, p2(t) = 1 ...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6SECh. 4 - Prob. 7SECh. 4 - Prob. 8SECh. 4 - Let T : n m be a linear transformation. a. What...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10SECh. 4 - Let S be a finite minimal spanning set of a vector...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12SECh. 4 - Exercises 12-17 develop properties of rank that...Ch. 4 - Prob. 14SECh. 4 - Prob. 15SECh. 4 - Exercises 12-17 develop properties of rank that...Ch. 4 - Exercises 12-17 develop properties of rank that...Ch. 4 - The concept of rank plays an important role in the...Ch. 4 - Determine if the matrix pairs in Exercises 19-22...Ch. 4 - Determine if the matrix pairs in Exercises 19-22...Ch. 4 - Determine if the matrix pairs in Exercises 19-22...Ch. 4 - Prob. 22SE
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Author:Swokowski
Publisher:Cengage
Vector Spaces | Definition & Examples; Author: Dr. Trefor Bazett;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72GtkP6nP_A;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Understanding Vector Spaces; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP2ghkO0lSk;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY