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- atoms can occupy only certain discrete energy levels. Consider a gas at a temperature of 2 500 K whose atoms can occupy only two energy levels separated by 1.50 eV, where 1 eV (electron volt) is an energy unit equal to 1.60 × 10-19 J. Determine the ratio of the number of atoms in the higher energy level to the number in the lower energy level.arrow_forwardA hydrogen atom consist of a positively charged nucleus (+e)) and a negatively charged electron (-e). In quantum physics the electron is described as a "cloud" surrounding the nucleus. In the ground state, the electron cloud is defined as a continuous charge density. -2r p(r) паз Where a is the Bohr radius, q is the charge of the electron and r is the sph origin, is set on the nucleus. erical coordinate defined as the What is the total charge (electric monopole) defined by the function p(r). Note: in your calculation r should go from the origin to infinity. (i) (ii) Given that the atom is neutral, does the answer in (i) make sense? Why? (iii) What is the electric dipole defined by the function p(r).arrow_forwardAn optical fiber for telecommunication is made of SiO2 glass (density = 2.20 Mg/m'). How many Si atoms and how many O atoms are present per millimeter of length (L=1 mm) of a fiber 10 um in diameter (d-10 mm)? Given: M(Si)–28.09 g/mole M(O)-16 g/mole Avogadro's Number: AN = 0.6203 (10) Solution:arrow_forward
- The laboratory operation of a Laser is related to the atomic transition problem. Let E - E, = ho for two atomic states, u(@) be the radiation density, N be the number of atoms in state 1, and N2 that in state 2. B12 is the Enstein coffeicent for absorption, B21 that transition probability for emission, and A the spontaneous emission coefficient. Find N2/N1 O B12/[A+ B21] O B1zu(@)/[A + B21u(@)] O B1zu(@)/A O B1zu(@)/B21 O Au(@)/B12 Questio Not yet answered Marked out of P Flag question Forbidden transitions and selection rules suggest that O a photon has energy O a photon has mass O a photon has linear momentum O a photon has angular momentum a photon has parityarrow_forwardAn atom, with atomic mass A = 22 is trapped in a harmonic oscillator with angular frequency 24.5 rad/s. If the atom is cooled into its quantum ground state, what is the spatial rms width Δx (in microns) of its Gaussian probability distribution? [Δx is similar to a classical standard deviation]arrow_forwardZirconium oxide, ZrO2, has a tetragonal unit cell. The spacing between {110} planes is 257 pm and between the {211} planes is 156 pm. Deduce the values of the cell parameters a and c.arrow_forward
- For vibrational states, the Boltzmann equation can be written as = exp(-AE/kT) where N, and N, are the populations of the lower and higher energy states, respectively, AE is the energy difference between the states, k is Boltzmann's constant, and Tis the temperature in kelvins. For temperatures of 20°C and 40°C, cakulate the ratios of the intensities of the anti-Stokes and Stokes lines for CCI, at (a) 218 cm-, (b) 459 cm", (c) 790 cm-!. For each temperature and Raman shift, calculate how much more intense the Stokes line is compared to the anti-Stokes line.arrow_forward7.4. Four measurements are made of the wavelength of light emitted by certain atom. The results, in nanometers, are: 525 20, 570 t 40. 503 ± 10, 491 + 8, Find the weighted average and its uncertainty. Is the last measurement worth in- cluding?arrow_forwardThe potential energy of one of the atoms in the hydrogen molecule is given by U(x) = U₁ (e-2(1-10)/b - 2e-(1-10)/b) where U₁ = 2.36 [eV], zo = 0.037 [nm], and b = 0.034 [nm]. Note that 1 [eV] = 1.6 × 10-¹⁹ [J]. Part (a) Find the energy of the hydrogen molecule in ground state. Part (b) If the measured energy of each atom in the hydrogen molecule is E= -1.15 [eV], where are the classical turning points of the atomic vibration in the hydrogen molecule?arrow_forward
- The emergence of line spectra from a gas when a current passes through it was an observed phenomenon waiting for an explanation in the early 20th century. The atomic line spectra coming from elements such as hydrogen had been analyzed since the late 19th century. By studying the wavelength of the emerging radiation of hydrogen, experimenters found (often by trial and error) that the wavelengths in those spectra were described by the formula 1 = R ( 1/2 - 1/2 ) where R is known as the Rydberg constant. It has a value of R=1.097 × 107 m-¹. The variables n₁ and no are integer numbers (n₁ = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...). As experiments continued, scientists began to see more and more characteristic lines emerging from the hydrogen spectrum. Each of them corresponded to a wavelength predicted by this formula with some integer values for m₁ and ₂. In 1913, Niels Bohr provided an explanation for the observations made in experiments by proposing that each electron in an atom had only certain allowable…arrow_forwardCalculate the standard uncertainty in z if z=Xsinθ using the angle (45.00 ± 0.74) degrees and the value X = (23.60 ± 0.51) z = ___±___arrow_forwardThe two nuclei in the carbon monoxide (CO) molecules are 0.1128 nm apart. The mass of the carbon atom is 1.993x10-26 kg. The mass of the oxygen atom is 2.656x10-26 kg. What is the first excited rotational energy level for the CO molecule? (Give the your answer in meV.)arrow_forward
- College PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781305952300Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris VuillePublisher:Cengage LearningUniversity Physics (14th Edition)PhysicsISBN:9780133969290Author:Hugh D. Young, Roger A. FreedmanPublisher:PEARSONIntroduction To Quantum MechanicsPhysicsISBN:9781107189638Author:Griffiths, David J., Schroeter, Darrell F.Publisher:Cambridge University Press
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