Principles of Human Physiology (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134169804
Author: Cindy L. Stanfield
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4.1, Problem 4.2.1QC
Determine the direction of the electrical driving force for each of me following ions, assuming the cell membrane potential is negative: Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-,Ca2+.
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Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50 M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−).
Membrane equally permeable to both ions.
Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−).
Membrane permeable only to Cl−.
If the equilibrium potential for K* is -90mV, and the charge inside the cell is -70mV, which direction will K move across the membrane assuming there is permeability (membrane leak channels) which allow it to pass?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Principles of Human Physiology (6th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - What is the difference between passive transport...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 4.1.2QCCh. 4.1 - Prob. 4.1.3QCCh. 4.1 - Determine the direction of the electrical driving...Ch. 4.1 - Assume that sodium and calcium ions are being...Ch. 4.1 - Refer to Table 4.1 for intracellular and...Ch. 4.3 - In simple diffusion, do individual molecules...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 4.3.2QCCh. 4.3 - Prob. 4.3.3QCCh. 4.3 - What is the difference between a channel and a...
Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 4.4.2QCCh. 4.3 - Prob. 4.4.3QCCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4.5.1QCCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4.5.2QCCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4.5.3QCCh. 4.6 - Name the three types of endocytosis. Which type(s)...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 4.6.2QCCh. 4.7 - Prob. 4.7.1QCCh. 4.7 - Prob. 4.7.2QCCh. 4.7 - Prob. 1CTQCh. 4.7 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 4.7 - Prob. 3CTQCh. 4 - Prob. 1ECh. 4 - Prob. 2ECh. 4 - Prob. 3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4ECh. 4 - Prob. 5ECh. 4 - Prob. 6ECh. 4 - Prob. 7ECh. 4 - Movement of Na+ in sodium-linked glucose...Ch. 4 - Prob. 9ECh. 4 - Prob. 10ECh. 4 - Which of the following transport mechanisms...Ch. 4 - Substances that cross cell membranes by simple...Ch. 4 - Prob. 13ECh. 4 - Prob. 14ECh. 4 - Prob. 15ECh. 4 - Prob. 16ECh. 4 - Prob. 17ECh. 4 - Prob. 18ECh. 4 - Describe the various factors that determine...Ch. 4 - Explain the mechanism of glucose absorption by...Ch. 4 - Prob. 21ECh. 4 - Prob. 22ECh. 4 - Prob. 23ECh. 4 - Prob. 24ECh. 4 - Prob. 25ECh. 4 - Prob. 26ECh. 4 - Prob. 27E
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- Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.arrow_forwardOne of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?arrow_forwardA cell has an actual membrane potential (Em) at rest of -75mV. The equilibrium potential for Na+ is +120mV and the equilibrium potential for K+ is -95mV. Calculate the net driving force for Na+ in mV.arrow_forward
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 °C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.10 M on the “right side” and 0.01 M on the “left side”, given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (-). (a) Membrane permeable only to Na+ (b) Membrane permeable only to Cl– (c) Membrane equally permeable to both ionsarrow_forwardYou have a semi permeable membrane with a membrane potential of -90mV. You also have two ions that are both permeable to the membrane, Na and Cl. Na has a concentration of 10mM inside the membrane and 120mM outside the membrane. Cl has a concentration of 1.5mM inside the membrane and 77.5mM outside the membrane. Use the nernst equation to calculate the electrochemical equilibrium of both ions, and show in which direction the netflux would be for each ion.arrow_forwardWhat happens across the membrane of an electricallyactive cell is a dynamic process that is hard to visualizewith static images or through text descriptions. View thisanimation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/dynamic1) toreally understand the process. What is the differencebetween the driving force for Na+ and K+? And what issimilar about the movement of these two ions?arrow_forward
- With regard to Na+ and K+ equilibrium potentials and the resting and active membrane potentials, write down (a- D the directions of the forces indicated, acting on the ion in the table below under the respective condition(s). NB the examples given. lon Condition Electrical/Chemical force Direction of force Chemical e.g....inward.. ****** Na ENa+ = + 60 mV Electrical a. Chemical e.g. ...outward.. EK+ =- 90 mV Electrical b. Chemical C. Na" Emp = 0 mV Electrical d. Chemical K+ Emp =-20 mV Electricalarrow_forwardWhat is the equilibrium membrane potential due to Na+ ions if the extracellular concentration of Na+ ions is 154 mM and the intracellular concentration of Na+ ions is 27 mM at 20 ∘C ? Please answer asap and in short and content should not be palgarised pleasearrow_forwardIf a cell with the following ion concentrations had a resting membrane potential of -40mV which of the following can you conclude? Extracellular: Cl- = 110 mM, Na+ = 145 mM, K+ = 5mM. Intracellular Cl- = 20 mM, Na+ = 10 mM, K+ = 140mM a) At rest it is only permeable to potassium b) At rest it has some permeability to more than one of these ions c) At rest it is only permeable to chloride d) Rest it is not permeable to sodiumarrow_forward
- The extracellular concentration of Cl-Cl¯ is 123 mM and the intracellular concentration is 4 mM. In which direction does Cl-CI¯| flow through an open channel when the membrane potential is in the -60 mV-60 mV to +30 mV+30 mV range?arrow_forwardThe normal concentrations for intracellular and extracellular potassium in a neuron are [K+]in = 150 mM and [K+]out = 5 mM, respectively. Due to an electrolyte imbalance, a patient has the following intracellular and extracellular concentrations of potassium: [K+]in = 140 mM and [K+]out =2 mM. Using the Nernst equation (Chapter 4), calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium in the cells with normal K+ distributions and of the diseased patient. Refer back to Question #1. Will it be easier or more difficult to generate an action potential in the diseased neuron as compared to the normal neuron? Why?arrow_forwardThe membrane potential for an excitable cell membrane is -70 mV, for sodium ions the Nernst equilibrium potential is +50 mV, the conductivity of the single sodium channel is 10 pS. What is the electrochemical potential difference that is the driving force for sodium ions to migrate? How much current flows through an open sodium channel under these conditions?arrow_forward
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