Bundle: Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach, 2nd, Loose-Leaf + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781305717633
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 58E
Hot and spicy foods contain molecules that stimulate paindetecting nerve endings. Two such molecules are piperine and capsaicin:
Piperine
Capsaicin
Piperine is the active compound in white and black pepper, and capsaicin is the active compound in chili peppers. The ring structures in piperine and capsaicin are shorthand notation. Each point where lines meet represents a carbon atom.
a. Complete the Lewis structure for piperine and capsaicin, showing all lone pairs of electrons.
b. How many carbon atoms ate sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized in each molecule?
c. Which hybrid orbitals are used by the nitrogen atoms in each molecule?
d. Give approximate values for the bond angles marked a through l in the above structures.
Expert Solution & Answer
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Students have asked these similar questions
Predicting deviations from ideal bond angles
Consider the nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) molecule.
What is the central atom? Enter its chemical symbol.
How many lone pairs are around the central atom?
What is the ideal angle between the nitrogen-fluorine
bonds?
Compared to the ideal angle, you would expect the
actual angle between the nitrogen-fluorine bonds to
be ...
0
口。
(choose one)
(choose one)
about the same
bigger
smaller
Resonance Structures
A molecule with delocalized electrons often cannot be expressed by one single Lewis structure.
The structure is represented by several contributing structures called resonance structures. A
resonance hybrid is an average of the various Lewis structures.
The resonance structure should not be interpreted as a molecule switching between forms, but a
molecule acting as an average of multiple forms.
Rules for Drawing Resonance Structures:
1. Total number of electrons must stay same.
2. All sigma (single) bonds MUST stay the same.
3. Net charge must stay the same.
4. Pi electrons (double or triple bonds) can move.
5. Nonbonding electrons can move.
It is easiest to draw a “template" of the single bonds and then add the extra electrons in various
places.
Draw the three best Lewis structures for pentadienyl anion, C3H7 using the template
below. You have 6 more electrons to add to each one.
Calculate the charges. C: 4-
Draw the four best Lewis structures for phenoxide anion,…
4. Draw the complete Lewis structures showing all valence electrons, all atoms, all charges, all
resonance forms for the molecules or species where appropriate. Show the best structure based on
formal charge considerations. Supply the information requested.
Water
Ethanol
(CH3CH₂OH)
H-O-H Bond Angle
Electronic Geometry
of O atom
Formate Ion
(HCO₂¹)
Carbon dioxide
Electronic Geometry
of C atom
Hybridization of the
C
Chapter 4 Solutions
Bundle: Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach, 2nd, Loose-Leaf + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card
Ch. 4 - Explain the main postulate of the VSEPR model....Ch. 4 - Explain why CF4 and Xef4 are nonpolar compounds...Ch. 4 - Consider the following compounds: CO2, SO2, KrF2,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4RQCh. 4 - What hybridization is required for central atoms...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6RQCh. 4 - Prob. 7RQCh. 4 - What are molecular orbitals? How do they compare...Ch. 4 - Explain the difference between the and MOs for...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3ALQ
Ch. 4 - Which of the following would you expect to be more...Ch. 4 - Arrange the following molecules from most to least...Ch. 4 - Which is the more correct statement: The methane...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7ALQCh. 4 - Prob. 8ALQCh. 4 - Which of the following statements is/are true?...Ch. 4 - Give one example of a compound having a linear...Ch. 4 - In the hybrid orbital model, compare and contrast ...Ch. 4 - Prob. 13QCh. 4 - Prob. 14QCh. 4 - Prob. 15QCh. 4 - Prob. 16QCh. 4 - Compare and contrast bonding molecular orbitals...Ch. 4 - Prob. 18QCh. 4 - Why does the molecular orbital model do a better...Ch. 4 - The three NO bonds in NO3 are all equivalent in...Ch. 4 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 4 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 4 - Predict the molecular structure and bond angles...Ch. 4 - Prob. 24ECh. 4 - Prob. 25ECh. 4 - Two variations of the octahedral geometry (see...Ch. 4 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 4 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 4 - State whether or not each of the following has a...Ch. 4 - The following electrostatic potential diagrams...Ch. 4 - Which of the molecules in Exercises 21 and 22 have...Ch. 4 - Which of the molecules in Exercises 27 and 28 have...Ch. 4 - Write Lewis structures and predict the molecular...Ch. 4 - Write Lewis structures and predict whether each of...Ch. 4 - Consider the following Lewis structure where E is...Ch. 4 - Consider the following Lewis structure where E is...Ch. 4 - The molecules BF3, CF4, CO2, PF5, and SF6 are all...Ch. 4 - Two different compounds have the formula XeF2Cl2....Ch. 4 - Use the localized electron model to describe the...Ch. 4 - Use the localized electron model to describe the...Ch. 4 - Use the localized electron model to describe the...Ch. 4 - Use the localized electron model to describe the...Ch. 4 - The space-filling models of ethane and ethanol are...Ch. 4 - The space-filling models of hydrogen cyanide and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 45ECh. 4 - Prob. 46ECh. 4 - Prob. 47ECh. 4 - Give the expected hybridization of the central...Ch. 4 - For each of the following molecules, write the...Ch. 4 - For each of the following molecules or ions that...Ch. 4 - Prob. 51ECh. 4 - The allene molecule has the following Lewis...Ch. 4 - Indigo is the dye used in coloring blue jeans. The...Ch. 4 - Prob. 54ECh. 4 - Prob. 55ECh. 4 - Many important compounds in the chemical industry...Ch. 4 - Two molecules used in the polymer industry are...Ch. 4 - Hot and spicy foods contain molecules that...Ch. 4 - One of the first drugs to be approved for use in...Ch. 4 - The antibiotic thiarubin-A was discovered by...Ch. 4 - Prob. 61ECh. 4 - Sketch the molecular orbital and label its type (...Ch. 4 - Prob. 63ECh. 4 - Which of the following are predicted by the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 65ECh. 4 - Prob. 66ECh. 4 - Prob. 67ECh. 4 - Using the molecular orbital model to describe the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69ECh. 4 - A Lewis structure obeying the octet rule can be...Ch. 4 - Using the molecular orbital model, write electron...Ch. 4 - Using the molecular orbital model, write electron...Ch. 4 - In which of the following diatomic molecules would...Ch. 4 - In terms of the molecular orbital model, which...Ch. 4 - Prob. 75ECh. 4 - Show how a hydrogen 1s atomic orbital and a...Ch. 4 - Use Figs. 4-54 and 4-55 to answer the following...Ch. 4 - The diatomic molecule OH exists in the gas phase....Ch. 4 - Prob. 79ECh. 4 - Describe the bonding in NO+, NO, and NO, using...Ch. 4 - Describe the bonding in the O3 molecule and the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 82ECh. 4 - Prob. 83AECh. 4 - Vitamin B6 is an organic compound whose deficiency...Ch. 4 - Two structures can be drawn for cyanuric acid: a....Ch. 4 - Prob. 86AECh. 4 - What do each of the following sets of...Ch. 4 - Aspartame is an artificial sweetener marketed...Ch. 4 - Prob. 89AECh. 4 - The three most stable oxides of carbon are carbon...Ch. 4 - Prob. 91AECh. 4 - Which of the following molecules have net dipole...Ch. 4 - The strucrure of TeF5 is Draw a complete Lewis...Ch. 4 - Complete the following resonance structures for...Ch. 4 - Prob. 95AECh. 4 - Describe the bonding in the first excited state of...Ch. 4 - Using an MO energy-level diagram, would you expect...Ch. 4 - Show how a dxz. atomic orbital and a pz, atomic...Ch. 4 - What type of molecular orbital would result from...Ch. 4 - Consider three molecules: A, B, and C. Molecule A...Ch. 4 - Prob. 101CWPCh. 4 - Predict the molecular structure, bond angles, and...Ch. 4 - Draw the Lewis structures for SO2, PCl3, NNO, COS,...Ch. 4 - Draw the Lewis structures for TeCl4, ICl5, PCl5,...Ch. 4 - A variety of chlorine oxide fluorides and related...Ch. 4 - Pelargondin is the molecule responsible for the...Ch. 4 - Complete a Lewis structure for the compound shown...Ch. 4 - Prob. 108CWPCh. 4 - Consider the molecular orbital electron...Ch. 4 - Place the species B2+ , B2, and B2 in order of...Ch. 4 - The compound NF3 is quite stable, but NCl3 is very...Ch. 4 - Predict the molecular structure for each of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 113CPCh. 4 - Cholesterol (C27liu;O) has the following...Ch. 4 - Cyanamide (H2NCN), an important industrial...Ch. 4 - As compared with CO and O2, CS and S2 are very...Ch. 4 - Prob. 117CPCh. 4 - Use the MO model to explain the bonding in BeH2....Ch. 4 - Prob. 119CPCh. 4 - Arrange the following from lowest to highest...Ch. 4 - Prob. 121CPCh. 4 - Prob. 122CPCh. 4 - Carbon monoxide (CO) forms bonds to a variety of...Ch. 4 - The space-filling model for benzoic acid, a food...Ch. 4 - As the bead engineer of your starship in charge of...Ch. 4 - A flask containing gaseous N2 is irradiated with...Ch. 4 - Determine the molecular structure and...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Aspartame is an artificial sweetener marketed under the name Nutra-Sweet. A partial Lewis structure for aspartame is shown below. Aspartame can be classified as an organic compound (a compound based on carbon atoms). The majority of Lewis structures for simple organic compounds have all atoms with a formal charge of zero. Therefore, add lone pairs and multiple bonds to the structure above to give each atom a formal charge of zero when drawing the Lewis structure. Also note that the six-sided ring is shorthand notation for a benzene ring (C6H5). Benzene is discussed in Section 4-7. Complete the Lewis structure for aspartame. How many C and N atoms exhibit sp1 hybridization? How many C and O atoms exhibit sp3 hybridization? How many and bonds are in aspartame?arrow_forwardA compound with a molar mass of about 28 g/mol contains 85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass. Write the Lewis structure for a molecule of the compound.arrow_forwardThe study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties is called organic chemistry. Besides carbon atoms, organic compounds also can contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms (as well as other types of atoms). A common trait of simple organic compounds is to have Lewis structures where all atoms have a formal charge of zero. Consider the following incomplete Lewis structure for an organic compound called histidine (an amino acid), which is one of the building blocks of proteins found in our bodies: Draw a complete Lewis structure for histidine in which all atoms have a formal charge of zero.arrow_forward
- Consider the following compounds: CO2, SO2, KrF2, SO3, NF3, IF3, CF4, SF4, XeF4, PF5, IF5, and SCl6. These 12 compounds arc all examples of different molecular structures. Draw the Lewis structures for each and predict the molecular structure. Predict the bond angles and the polarity of each. (A polar molecule has a net dipole moment, while a nonpolar molecule docs not.) See Exercises 115 and 116 for the molecular structures based on the trigonal bipyramid and the octahedral geometries.arrow_forwardThe molecular ion S3N3 has the cyclic structure All SN bonds are equivalent. (a) Give six equivalent resonance hybrid Lewis diagrams for this molecular ion. (b) Compute the formal charges on all atoms in the molecular ion in each of the six Lewis diagrams. (c) Determine the charge on each atom in the polyatomic ion, assuming that the true distribution of electrons is the average of the six Lewis diagrams arrived at in parts (a) and (b). (d) An advanced calculation suggests that the actual charge resident on each N atom is 0.375 and on each S atom is +0.041 . Show that this result is consistent with the overall +1 charge on the molecular ion.arrow_forward2. From the models of SF4, BrF3, and XeF4, deduce whether different atom arrangement, called geometrical isomers, are possible; if so, sketch them below. Indicate the preferred geometry for each case and suggest a reason for your choice. Indicate which structures have dipole moments and show their direction, Preferred Molecular Compound Electron Dipole Reason Geometry Moment (Polarity) geometry SF4 BRF3 XeF4 3. Using the Lewis structure predict the geometrical structures of the following ions and state the hybridization of the central atom. Ion Electron Geometry Molecular Formal Charge Central Atom Geometry of Central Hybridization Atom CO32- NO3- BF4arrow_forward
- The element sulphur has atomic number 16. Sulphur forms a molecular compound with chloride with a molecular formula SCl2. The atomic number of chlorine is 17. 1. Write down the electronic configuration of a sulphur atom and a chlorine atom. 2. Draw a Lewis structure of an SCl2 molecule, by showing the electrons in the outer shells of the atoms. 3. State how many bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons are arranged around the sulphur atoms in SCl2 molecule. 4. Sketch the shape and state the molecular geometry of SCl2 molecule. 5. Explain the hybridisation of the central atom in SCl2 molecule. 6.Explain the intermolecular forces exists in SCl2 molecule.arrow_forward) Bean hexene is an odor compound used in cosmetics and cleaners. It is also known as leguminal. Its formula is: CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH2OCHCH2CH3 | OCH3 Please draw a Lewis structure for this compound with CORRECT GEOMETRY (use dashes and wedges!) Label all pi bonds in the molecule (if there are any) Indicate the bond angles for the red highlighted section of the molecule. (hint: you may want to keep the main carbon chain in-plane with the page for clarity) For this question, you don’t need to draw out the orbitals.arrow_forwardResonance Structures Resonance Structures are ways to represent the bonding in a molecule or ion when a single Lewis structure fails to describe accurately the actual electronic structure. 10: NO₂ Equivalent resonance structures occur when there are identical patterns of bonding within the molecule or ion. The actual structure is a composite, or resonance hybrid, of the equivalent contributing structures. Draw Lewis structures for perbromate ion and nitryl chloride. How many equivalent Lewis structures are necessary to describe the bonding in BrO4" ? [ How many equivalent Lewis structures are necessary to describe the bonding in NO₂CI? Submit Answer Retry Entire Group 9 more group attempts remainingarrow_forward
- Your answer is incorrect. Decide whether the Lewis structure proposed for each molecule is reasonable or not. • Row 1: Your answer is incorrect. ● Row 2: Your answer is incorrect. molecule proposed Lewis structure CO₂ IBr, SF 3 +TE. .. :0 C 0: Br F — S — :F: Br :E: Is this a reasonable structure? If not, why not? Yes, it's a reasonable structure. No, the total number of valence electrons is wrong. The correct number is: O No, some atoms have the wrong number of electrons around them. The symbols of the problem atoms are: O Yes, it's a reasonable structure. No, the total number of valence electrons is wrong. The correct number is: No, some atoms have the wrong number of electrons around them. The symbols of the problem atoms are: 0 Yes, it's a reasonable structure. No, the total number of valence electrons is wrong. The correct number is: No, some atoms have the wrong number of electrons around them. The symbols of the problem atoms are: Farrow_forwardA student is using the Lewis model of bonding to determine ways to predict bond types from Lewis structures. A Na: Ci : :NE N: B Which of the following parts of the model are best suited for predicting bond types shown above? O Part A and C, because it is showing charged particles from transferring electrons and therefore ionic. Part B and D, because it is describing a triple bond exist and therefore forming an ionic compound. Part A and C, because it is showing a sharing of the electrons by making an anion and cation. へ 58°F Clear K 99+ ト fs & 2$4 R Y. 00arrow_forwardFor the formula CH2CF2, "draw the Lewis structure in your work (.. PAfter drawing the complete Lewis structure, type in the shape, bond angle, etc. for each blank. What is the molecular shape or geometry for the carbon on the left (the C in CH2)? trigonal planer What is the molecular shape or geometry for the carbon on the right (the C in CF2)? trigonal planer What is the bond angle for the carbon on the left (the C in CH2)? Type in a plain number, but include a "<" sign in front of the number if applicable. What is the bond angle for the carbon on the right (the C in CF2)? Type in a plain number, but include a "<" sign in front of the number if applicable. What is the hybridization for the carbon on the left (the C in CH2)? Type this in without any superscript, for instance sp3 would be typed as "sp3". What is the hybridization for the carbon on the right (the C in CF2)? Type this in without any superscript, for instance sp would be typed as "sp3". Is the molecule overall polar or…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning
World of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Principles of Modern Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079113
Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
Chemistry
ISBN:9780534420123
Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer
Publisher:Cengage Learning
World of Chemistry, 3rd edition
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133109655
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Stoichiometry - Chemistry for Massive Creatures: Crash Course Chemistry #6; Author: Crash Course;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL1jmJaUkaQ;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Bonding (Ionic, Covalent & Metallic) - GCSE Chemistry; Author: Science Shorts;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9MA6Od-zBA;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
General Chemistry 1A. Lecture 12. Two Theories of Bonding.; Author: UCI Open;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLTlL9Z1bh0;License: CC-BY