12th Edition

ISBN: 9780321836960

Author: Mario F. Triola

Publisher: PEARSON

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A sequence is defined as a collection of things. Series is defined to sum the things one by one in the sequence. It was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

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Chapter 3.2, Problem 38BB

Quadratic Mean The quadratic mean (or root mean square, or R.M.S.) is usually used in physical applications. In power distribution systems, for example, voltages and currents are usually referred to in terms of their R.M.S. values. The quadratic mean of a set of values is obtained by squaring each value, adding those squares, dividing the sum by the number of values n, and then taking the square root of that result, as indicated below:

Quadratic mean = ∑ x 2 n

Find the R.M.S. of these voltages measured from household current: 0, 100, 162, 162, 100, 0, −100, −162, −162, −100, 0. How does the result compare to the mean?

Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...

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Chapter 3.2, Problem 37BB

Chapter 3.2, Problem 39BB

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Solution Summary: The author compares the root mean square (R.M.S) and mean for the voltages measured from household current.

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