(a)
To write:
About the components of the reflex arc.
Introduction:
The neuronal pathway that is involved in controlling a reflex is a reflex arc. The reflex is an involuntary action in response to any stimulus. The components of typical reflex arc include receptor, motor neuron, effector, sensory neuron, and integration center.
(a)
Explanation of Solution
The reflex arc controls the impulse before reaching it to the brain. There is a certain stimulus that generates automatic involuntary response without conscious thought. The stimulus is perceived by the receptor. The receptor acts as a sense organ and sends the signal to sensory neurons. The sensory neurons further transfer signals to interconnected neurons.
The signal is received by the neurons present in the spinal cords. The signal from the spinal cord is sent back to the muscles via motor neurons. The muscles that are attached tothe effector organ allow the organ away from the danger. The integration center involves monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arc in the spinal cord (grey matter).
(b)
To write:
The neural pathway for a voluntary reaction differs from a spinal reflex arc.
Introduction:
The axons form a connection that projects from neurons and synapses with another neuron, thus allowing a signal to travel from one location to another in the nervous system. The reflex is a response that is produced automatically whereas the action produced upon stimulus is a reaction.
(b)
Explanation of Solution
The voluntary cells are controlled by somatic cells. The voluntary reaction is under the control of the body whereas the involuntary response is controlled by the autonomic nerves of the body.The neural pathway of voluntary response involves the spinal cord, brain and nerve cells outside them. The voluntary reaction is an action that is performed by our choice and it includes talking, eating, and walking.
The neural pathway of the spinal reflex arc is generated by the central nervous system and it lies completely in the spinal cord. The spinal reflex is produced by sensory afferent fibers that enter the spinal cord and directly activates the spinal motor neurons.
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Chapter 31A Solutions
LAB MANUAL FOR HUMAN A&P MAIN VERSION
- Describe the general components of a typical reflex arc?arrow_forwardList the names and functions of the three neurons involved in a reflex arc (e.g. a spinal reflex) and briefly describe an advantage of coordinating responses with a spinal reflex (instead of with the brain).arrow_forwarda. In terms of latency, describe the differences in response between the nerve and direct muscle stimuli. b. Why is the initial latency longer when stimulating the nerve?arrow_forward
- Describe how the Jendrassik maneuver and other segments are anticipated to interact with the reflex response. Specifically include how the nervous system is changing.arrow_forwardDescribe the structure and function of a simple reflex arc in humans. Include a description of the types of neurons and a discussion of the mechanism of the transmission of a nerve impulse.arrow_forwardList and describe what is happening in each of the 5 steps of a spinal reflex arc. Assume that the reflex arc is polysynaptic.arrow_forward
- b. Label the figure indicating the steps involved in neural transmission (use the key terms provided in the box below the figure) 1 Synthesizing enzymes Neurotransmitter precursors Vesicle Neurotransmitter molecules that leak from their vesicles are destroyed by enzymes. Degrading enzymes 4 E Released neurotransmitter molecules bind with autore- ceptors and inhibit subsequent neurotransmitter release. 6. Autoreceptor Postsynaptic receptor A. Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in vesicles B. Released neurotransmitter molecules are deactivated by reuptake C. Action potentials cause vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft D. Neurotransmitter molecules are synthesized from precursors under the influence of enzymes E. Released neurotransmitter molecules bind to postsynaptic receptorsarrow_forwardDefine the term stretch reflex and describe how such reflexes are used to anatomically localize SCIarrow_forwardge d. carry oxygenated blood e. carry blood away from the heart One of the following statements is not true, which? Select one: O a. The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway decussates in the medulla and then ascends through the pons and midbrain to the thalamus. GATION b. The spinocerebellar tract is a tract originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the same side (ipsilateral) of the cerebellum. c. The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway transmits discriminative touch and conscious proprioception signals to the cerebral cortex. d. The spinothalamic pathway transmits nondiscriminative sensations (pain, temperature, pressure) to the primary somatosensory cortex. e. In the spinothalamic pathway, axons of the second-order neurons decussate at the medulla then enter the lateral and ventral funiculi as the spinothalamic tract, and ascend to the thalamus mimim.m.m.m.m.mimical mim Next pagearrow_forward
- Describe the components of a reflex arc and their functions.arrow_forwardIdentify the component of the reflex arc that detects changes in the internal or external environment: Question 6 options: Association neuron Sensory neuron Effector Receptor Motor neuronarrow_forwardList the components of the autonomic reflex arc. Compare with somatic reflex arc.arrow_forward
- Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning