Sustainable Energy
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133108689
Author: Richard A. Dunlap
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 3, Problem 3P
To determine
Calculate the cost of energy per gigajoule of each fossil fuel.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
An average American consumes approximately 105 kJ of energy per day. The average life expectancy of an American is 77.9 years.
How much coal would need to be burned to provide enough energy to meet a person's energy demands if the efficiency of energy production from coal is 38%?
☐g coal
1) Heating the water in a 55-gallon water heater requires about 2.0 x 103 kJ of energy.
a) Assume the energy came from natural gas with 80% efficiency; how many grams of natural gas are required?
b) Assume the energy came from electricity with 80% efficiency and that the electricity was produced from the combustion of coal with 30% efficiency; how many grams of coal are required?
For problem above, calculate how much CO2 in grams is emitted to the atmosphere.
For a: Use the balanced equation for the combustion of methane (CH4) to determine how many grams of CO2are produced from the amount of natural gas required.
For b: Assume that coal produces 5.25 kJ of energy per gram of CO2 produced. Calculate how much CO2 in grams is produced.
It has been suggested that carbon dioxide emissions should be taxed at $30 per metric ton (106 g C). Removal of CO2 from the atmosphere would be worth the same amount. Assume that the atmospheric mixing ratio of CO2 is 400 ppm.
What is the value of the carbon in 1 cubic kilometer (km3) of air at Earth’s surface?
Calculate the value of all the CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere? [Hints: The total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg and it is composed of 80% N2 and 20% O2.
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, civil-engineering and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Problem 10 A homeowner is trying to decide between a high-efficiency natural gas furnace with an efficiency of 95 percent and a ground-source heat pump with a COP of 3.3. The unit costs of electricity and natural gas are $0.112/kWh and $1.44/therm (1 therm = 105, 500 kJ). Determine which system will have a lower energy cost.arrow_forwardDuring a camping trip, you see a 30-cm-diameter plastic pipe carrying water from a high reservoir to a stream in the valley. The difference in height between the reservoir's free surface and the stream is 70 meters. You come up with the concept of using this water to generate electricity. Create a power plant that gets the greatest electricity out of this resource. Also, look at the impact of electricity production on water discharge rates. What discharge rate produces the most power?arrow_forwardWhat is the best definition for non- renewable energy? O a. It is energy collected by humans that can be replaced after five to ten years. O b. It is energy from finite sources that cannot be replaced by natural means at a quick pace of time. O c. It is energy from finite sources that can be replaced after using them. O d. It can be measured in joules or kilowatts.arrow_forward
- Consider a 400-MW, 32 percent efficient coal-fired power plant that uses cooling water withdrawn from a nearby river (with an upstream flow of 10-m3/s and temperature 20 °C) to take care of waste heat. The heat content of the coal is 8,000 Btu/lb, the carbon content is 60% by mass, and the sulfur content is 2% by mass. How much electricity (in kWh/yr) would the plant produce each year? How many pounds per hour of coal would need to be burned at the plant? Estimate the annual carbon emissions from the plant (in metric tons C/year). If the cooling water is only allowed to rise in temperature by 10 °C, what flow rate (in m3/s) from the stream would be required? What would be the river temperature if all the waste heat was transferred to the river water assuming no heat losses during transfer? Estimate the hourly SO2 emissions (in kg/h) from the plant assuming that all the sulfur is oxidized to SO2 during combustion.arrow_forwardComplete a mass balance calculation that estimates the amount of burned fossil fuels required to shift the atmospheric d13C by 1.0 per mil. Include and cite your assumptions in this calculation.arrow_forwardA factory uses carbonic acid in its industrial processes so that 90% by weight is used in industry and the rest is emitted into the atmosphere as pollutants. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere per hour. If you know that the amount of carbonic acid used daily is 3 tons and the factory works 12 hours a dayarrow_forward
- Determine the mass of carbon tetrachloride that should be mixed with 80 kg of glycerin so that the combined mixture has a density of 1450 kg/m3.arrow_forwardA petroleum refinery processes 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day and operates with an energy efficiency of 90%. The oil and the petroleum products have enrgy contents of 35 MJ/L. What are the energy and fuel volume flows to and from this refinery, in J/day? ( One barrel of oil is 159 liters).arrow_forwardReplacing incandescent lights with energy-efficient fluorescent lights can reduce the lighting energy consumption to one-fourth of what it was before. The energy consumed by the lamps is eventually converted to heat, and thus switching to energy-efficient lighting also reduces the cooling load in summer but increases the heating load in winter. Consider a building that is heated by a natural gas furnace with an efficiency of 80 percent and cooled by an air conditioner with a COP of 3.5. If electricity costs $0.12/kWh and natural gas costs $1.40/therm (1 therm = 105,500 kJ), determine if efficient lighting will increase or decrease the total energy cost of the building (a) in summer and (b) in winter.arrow_forward
- Calculation of Energy saving We are given that Average energy use for waste water treatment = 652 KWh for 625,853 gallons Average energy use for 1 gallon waste water treatment = 652625,853 KWh Per day Average energy use for 29.522 Million gallon waste water treatment = 652625,853*29.522*106 Per day Average energy use for 29.522 Million gallon waste water treatment = 30753.29 KWh " Per day Energy saving = 30753.29 KWh " Finding How to come up with 30753.29KWh? If 652 KWh for 625,853 gallons 652,853*29.522*106 = ??arrow_forwardQuestion 4 2.5 pts Nitrogen gas can be combined with oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) as shown in the following chemical reaction: N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO (g) When the reaction is in equilibrium, the concentration of N2, O2 and NO are 280 g/L, 640 g/L, and 750 g/L, respectively. If the concentration of oxygen gas dropped to half, calculate the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in g/L when the system returns to equilibrium. (N=14, O=16 g/mol) Enter your final answer with 2 decimal places.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engi...Civil EngineeringISBN:9781305084766Author:Saeed MoaveniPublisher:Cengage Learning
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engi...
Civil Engineering
ISBN:9781305084766
Author:Saeed Moaveni
Publisher:Cengage Learning