Health Economics
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781137029966
Author: Jay Bhattacharya
Publisher: SPRINGER NATURE CUSTOMER SERVICE
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Question
Chapter 3, Problem 17EQ
To determine
The impact of health care on bones in the light of Grossman model.
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One curious finding from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment was that the rate of treated bone fractures per capita was higher in the group of families that had been assigned to the free insurance plan, compared with those in the high copayment plans. Concisely describe how the Grossman model might explain the fact that people facing higher prices for health care would break bones less often. Be sure to discuss the concept of marginal efficiency of health investment.
Show how a consumer would choose between medical care and health(y) behavior activities using the graphical representation of the consumer choice model (assume that “amounts” of healthy behavior have “costs” or prices). How might health education affect this choice? What if medical care becomes more productive (more health benefit per “unit” of medical care consumed)? What if medical care becomes cheaper? Explain in terms of the model (i.e. what does it change in the model).
In what sense is the individual considered a “producer” of health in the Grossman model?
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- One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient. a) Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal. d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms. ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women? iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.arrow_forwardSuppose that in the fictional country ASU in 2012, a mandate was passed where everyone between the ages of 23-25 will receive health insurance at a discounted rate, while individuals aged 27-29 were not impacted by this policy. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering discounted health insurance coverage on the use of mental health services. You have data on the average number of visits for these two age groups over time. Using the information in the table below, a quick difference-in-difference calculation suggests that the mandate led to Time Periods Age group Avg. Avg. Number of Number of visits visits Pre-2012. Post-2012 23 to 25 2.3 27 to 29 2.5 approximately 0.3 more visits. approximately 0.7 more visits. approximately 0.4 fewer visits. approximately 0.7 fewer visits. approximately 0.3 fewer visits. 020202 337 SUCHARY 3.0 2.9 P 1302 126 70 5572 25 20120822 2012 Carrow_forwardThe following is an excerpt from "The Labor Market Effects of Rising Health Insurance Premiums," by Katherine Baicker, Amitabh Chandra. If workers in a certain sector of the economy or those who are married are systematically more likely to have different levels of unobservable characteristics that affect health insurance premiums, then such a correlation is possible. This problem is identical to the standard endogeneity problem in program evaluation, where receipt of the treatment is correlated with unobservable characteristics of the person receiving treatment. A solution to this problem is to instrument for imputed premiums using variables that are uncorrelated with εi and mi but are correlated with imputed health insurance premiums. In our analysis we use state‐level, per‐capita medical malpractice payments as an instrument for imputed premiums. In other words, in order for malpractice payments to be a valid instrument for health insurance premiums, it must be the case that…arrow_forward
- In the framework of the Grossman model, suppose there is an increase in the return in alternate non-health market investments. Draw what happens to the MEC curve and the optimal level of health. Explain intuitively why this might be the case in reality.arrow_forward[A] High-income Canadians tend to choose a higher desired health stock, even though they can afford more healthcare goods. Using the Grossman model, explain why this is the case. Use an appropriate graph to support your answer. [B] Suppose the funding agency switches both physicians' and hospitals' prospective payment to a system of retrospective payment, i.e., from salary to fee-for-service for physicians, and from global budget payment to activity-based funding for hospitals. Clearly explain each of these terms and how these changes will impact the utilization of physician and hospital services.arrow_forwardWhile it may seem intuitively obvious that health expenditures will increase as a population ages – older people after all are less healthy on average than younger people in fact, several prominent health economists have argued that it is not aging per se, but rather some of the correlates of an aging population that cause health expenditures to rise as a population ages. For instance, Getzen (1992) argues that, at least in part, rising health expenditures with an aging population are due to the higher incomes and resources of the older population; health care is a normal good, so higher incomes lead to higher expenditures. In a similar manner, Zweifel et al. (1999) argue that the real problem with an aging population, at least as far as health care costs are concerned, is that there will be more people who are within a couple of years of dying. Since health care expenditures rise sharply close to the end of life, it is this, rather than population aging by itself, that leads to higher…arrow_forward
- Describe Grossman's Improvement Model of Health. How does Grossman reconcile health as both something in demand and something produced by individuals?arrow_forwardOne major premise of the Rothschild–Stiglitz model is that there is a perfectly competitive market for health insurance. Suppose instead that the market is not perfectly competitive, and in fact competitor firms have a hard time entering the market. Could a pooling equilibrium occur in this case? What is it about competition that prevents pooling in the Rothschild–Stiglitz model? No formal proof is necessary, but do make your reasoning clear. Evaluate the following statement: competition in health insurance markets is harmful.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference, if any, between “Pharmacoeconomics” and “Health Economics”? Explain how microeconomics and macroeconomics are relevant to this field of study and support your answer with plausible examples. Based on your answer, illustrate why studying Pharmacoeconomics has become inevitable and remarkably essential in healthcare provision nowadays.arrow_forward
- An empirically testable hypothesis for additional health care expenditure as an investment rather than as an expense is: a. If an increase in health care expenditure today results in an increase in productivity tomorrow, then health careexpenditure has an investment effect. b. If an increase in health care expenditure today results in an a rise in health care stock prices, then health care expenditure has an investment effect. c. If an increase in health care expenditure today results in worse health outcomes today, then health care expenditure has an investment effect. d. If an increase in health care expenditure today results in a more competitive health care market tomorrow, then health care expenditure has an investment effect.arrow_forwardOne hypothesis for explaining the socio-economic disparities in health is known as the "direct income hypothesis." This theory states that health disparities arise because higher income individuals have more resources available to invest in health. In the context of the Grossman model, everything else held constant, we would expect For the higher-income individual to have a higher rate of health depreciation The Marginal efficiency of capital curve to be shifted inward (to the left) for the higher-income individual For the higher-income individual to have less productive time available. the PPF for the higher-income individual to be shifted outward compared to the lower-income individualarrow_forwardThe Grossman model states that health is a capital good that can be carried over from one period to the next. With this in mind, which of the following is most likely true about how the individual will value health in a lifecycle context compared to a one-period model? Individuals tend to value health less in the life cycle context compared to the one period model Individuals tend to value health more in the life cycle context compared to the one period model. not change the emphasis they put on health.arrow_forward
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