CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136538820
Author: Taylor
Publisher: INTER PEAR
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Chapter 28, Problem 5TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The main function of the spinal cord is to transmit impulses from the brain to the other parts of the body and from the other parts of the body to the brain. Controlling reflex activities is another function performed by the spinal cord. When an involuntary motor response toward an external stimulus takes place, it is known as a reflex action.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why a reflex arc is faster than a normal nerve transmission?
a. A reflex arc stimulates the motor neurons for an immediate reaction.
b. A reflex arc does not send information to the brain to be processed.
c. A reflex arc does not involve neurotransmitters.
d. A reflex arc involves fewer neurons.
Suppose you suffer a cut through the spinal cord on the left side only. For the part of the body below that cut, you will lose pain sensation on the right side of the body and touch sensation on the left side. Why?A. The left side of the body is more sensitive to pain than the right side is.B. The right side of the body is more sensitive to pain than the left side is.C. Pain axons cross the spinal cord at once, but touch fibers do not.D. Pain axons regrow after injury, but touch axons do not
Select the statement that explains the neural mechanism underlying the sensation of fast, sharp pain followed by delayed, longer-lasting pain after an injury.
a. Fast pain is conducted by mechanoreceptors, whereas delayed pain is conducted by fibers with free nerve endings.
b. Fast pain is conducted by free nerve endings in the dermis, whereas delayed pain is conducted by deep nerve endings in the subcutaneous layer.
c. The receptive fields differ for the two types of pain sensation such that fast pain fibers have smaller receptive fields than the delayed pain fibers.
d. Fast and delayed pain represent the progression of the injury; both are conducted by the same fibers.
e. Fast, sharp pain is conducted by myelinated axons, whereas delayed, longer-lasting pain is carried by unmyelinated axons.
Chapter 28 Solutions
CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Ch. 28 - Test your understanding of the nervous system by...Ch. 28 - The inside of the neuron has a lower concentration...Ch. 28 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 28 - What causes a nerve signal to move from one end of...Ch. 28 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 28 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 28 - Anesthetics block pain by blocking the...Ch. 28 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 28 - Using microelectrodes, a researcher recorded nerve...Ch. 28 - Prob. 10TYK
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- Motor neurons are crucial for movement, what would happen if the motor neurons would be destroyed. a. How would this affect our reflexes b. Research illnesses that affect Motor Neuronsarrow_forwardHyporeflexia occurs when normal reflexes are weak but not absent. Damage to which of the following would result in hyporeflexia? Hyporeflexia occurs when normal reflexes are weak but not absent. Damage to which of the following would result in hyporeflexia? A.Motor neuron B. Sensory neuron C.Skeletal muscle D. Any of the choices would result in hyporeflexia. Which option to select..arrow_forwardThe motor system is organized differently in the spiral cord compared to the cortex. Choose the statement below that best describes the difference. a. Alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn are mapped according to muscle location, while cortical motor neurons are organized into purposeful movement groups. b. None of the answers. c. Alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn have a different segment-to-segment organization, while cortical motor neurons are mapped similarly to the somatosensory system. d. Alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn do not have a clear organization, while cortical motor neurons are mapped according to muscle location. e. Alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn are organized into complex movement groups, while cortical motor neurons have no clear organization.arrow_forward
- Your hand touches the surface of a hot stove. Without thinking, you immediately pull your hand away. The correct order of the components of the reflex arc that pulls your hand away is: a. sensory receptors → sensory neurons → motor neurons → interneurons → effectors b. effectors → sensory neurons → brain → motor neurons → sensory receptors c. motor neurons → effectors → brain → sensory neurons → interneurons d. sensory receptors → sensory neurons → interneurons → motor neurons → effectorsarrow_forwardHow do sensory neurons differ from motor neurons? I. Sensory neurons carry impulses from the receptor to the brain while motor neurons carry impulses from the brain to the effector. II. Sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain to the effector while motor neurons carry impulses from the receptor to the brain. II. Sensory neurons carry impulses triggered by stimulus from the organ to the brain while motor neurons carry processed information from the brain to the organ to response. IV. Sensory neurons carry processed information from the brain to the organ to response while motor neurons carry impulses triggered by stimulus from the organ to the brain. * O I and III only O Il and IV only O I and IV only O Il and III onlyarrow_forwardSarah sensed a mosquito land on her arm and swatted it away with her hand. Which specific PNS division was responsible for the movement of Sarah’s hand? a. somatic sensory division b. visceral sensory division c. autonomic nervous system d. somatic motor divisionarrow_forward
- You touch a hot stove and withdraw your hand before you perceive the pain. Identify the neural pathway involved in this response. a. stimulus --> motor neuron --> interneuron --> brain --> sensory neuron b. stimulas --> sensory neuron --> interneuron --> brain --> motor neuron c. effector --> sensory neuron --> interneuron --> brain --> motor neuron --> stimulus d. effector --> motor neuron --> interneuron --> sensory neuron --> stimulas e. stimulas --> sensory neuron --> interneuron --> motor neuronarrow_forwardTristan accidentally touches a hot propane torch. He immediately withdraws his hand and then exclaims “ouch!” Why did Tristan exclaim “ouch!” after he had withdrawn his hand from the hot coffee? Select one: a. The threshold of the sensory receptor was exceeded and an action potential to the brain could not be triggered. b. The neural processing is faster through the spinal cord than the processing involving the brain. c. The sensory receptors in the fingers were damaged by the hot torch and were not able to send a fast signal to the brain. d. The hot torch triggered too many receptors and resulted in an excessive number of nerve impulses travelling to the brain. The brain was not able to process all the signals fast enough.arrow_forwardWhat is the route from the motor cortex to the muscles?A. Axons from the motor cortex go directly to the muscles.B. Axons from the motor cortex go to the thalamus, which has axons to the muscles.C. Axons from the motor cortex go to the cerebellum, which has axons to the muscles.D. Axons from the motor cortex go to the brainstem and spinal cord, which have axons to the muscles.arrow_forward
- In the stretch reflex,a. Golgi tendon organs activate contraction in extrafusal muscle fibersconnected to that tendon.b. lengthening of muscle-spindle receptors in a muscle leads tocontraction in an antagonist muscle.c. action potentials from muscle-spindle receptors in a muscle formmonosynaptic excitatory synapses on motor neurons to extrafusal fiberswithin the same muscles.d. slackening of intrafusal fibers within a muscle activates gamma motorneurons that form excitatory synapses with extrafusal fibers within thatsame muscle.e. afferent neurons to the sensorimotor cortex stimulate the agonist muscle to contract and the antagonist muscle to be inhibitedarrow_forwardWhat do the two main proprioceptors in muscles respond to? Select one: a. The golgi tendon organ and the spindles both respond to both changes in muscle length and muscle tension b. The golgi tendon organ responds to changes in muscle length, the spindles respond to changes in muscle tension c. The golgi tendon organ responds to changes in muscle tension, the spindles respond to changes in muscle length d. The golgi tendon organ responds to changes in muscle tension and the rate of muscle firing, the spindles respond to changes in muscle length and duration of firingarrow_forwardWhich role do gamma (γ) motor neurons play in the function of a muscle spindle? Select one: a. They improve the accuracy of the reported sensory information by innervating intrafusal fibers b. They enhance the force of muscle contraction by innervating intrafusal fibers c. They coordinate the contraction of extrafusal and intrafusal fibers d. They improve the accuracy of the reported sensory information by innervating extrafusal fibers e. They enhance the force of muscle contraction by innervating extrafusal fibersarrow_forward
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