CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136538820
Author: Taylor
Publisher: INTER PEAR
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Chapter 28, Problem 4TYK
What causes a nerve signal to move from one end of a neuron along the length of the neuron to the other end? What is a nerve signal, exactly? Why can’t it go backward? How is a nerve signal transmitted from one neuron to the next across a synapse? Write a short paragraph that answers these questions.
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What is an electrical synapse? Where can electrical synapses be found? Identify an advantage and a disadvantage of an electrical synapse compared to a chemical synapse.
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin binds to the pre-synaptic neuron preventing exocyctosis. Using this information and what you know about action potentials, graded potentials and synapses answer the questions below.
Could a graded potential occur in a presynaptic nerve affected by botulinum? If so under what conditions?
Neuron 1 fires an action potential, releasing neurotransmitters to neuron 2. However, neuron 2 does not fire an action potential itself. Write: Explain two possible reasons for this observation.
Chapter 28 Solutions
CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Ch. 28 - Test your understanding of the nervous system by...Ch. 28 - The inside of the neuron has a lower concentration...Ch. 28 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 28 - What causes a nerve signal to move from one end of...Ch. 28 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 28 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 28 - Anesthetics block pain by blocking the...Ch. 28 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 28 - Using microelectrodes, a researcher recorded nerve...Ch. 28 - Prob. 10TYK
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- I have stimulated a neuron with dopamine for a second followed by treating it with cocaine and calcium chelating agent (which chelates out all calcium from the system making them unavailable for function), what will be the effect of such impulse on generating an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron? Will it be different if I pretreat the set of nerve cells with cocaine and calcium chelating agent followed by stimulating the neuron with dopamine? Justify your answer with proper reasoning in brief.arrow_forwardThe following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which step occurs first in transmission at a chemical synapse? Ostep 1 occurs first step 2 occurs first step 3 occurs first step 4 occurs first Ostep 5 occurs firstarrow_forwardAs dopamine neurotransmitters are also responsible for producing feelings of euphoria (pleasure), many people affected with Parkinson's disease suffer from depression. A common treatment for Parkinson's is Levodopa, a chemical that turns into dopamine when it passes into the brain. From what you have learned about synapses, explain if people being treated with Levodopa for Parkinson's symptoms would require additional treatment for depression?arrow_forward
- What is long-term potentiation (LTP) and how does it occur? What changes in the cell should we expect to observe when a synapse is in a "potentiated" state?arrow_forwardSynapses through interconnected neurons are known to be a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the other neurons. Enumerate and describe the classifications of synapses based on what you can research on online. Kindly include your reference.arrow_forwardDepression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forward
- Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.arrow_forwardSchwann cells are a type of glial cell found in the nervous system. In addition to the conduction of nerve impulses, the outermost layer called neurilemma aids in nerve development and regeneration. Which of the following explains why the neurons in the brain cannot repair damage like the neurons in your hands or feet can?arrow_forwardWhen an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?arrow_forward
- An undisclosed drug (Drug A) is a drug that can block voltage-gated K+ channels when being introduced into the bloodstream. Explain the effects of Drug A on the action potentials produced by a neuron. If Drug A could be applied selectively to a presynaptic neuron that releases an excitatory neurotransmitter, analyse how would it alter the synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter on the presynaptic cell. Remark: The word count limit (250 words only), no less than 100 wordsarrow_forwardPhotoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?arrow_forwardCystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal function? A B C D an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendritesarrow_forward
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