Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of penicillin drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
The physiological effects of penicillin were determined before the medicine was being discovered.
Explanation of Solution
The penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. He grew more penicillium mold as he thought that it would work as an antibiotic. Hence, the physiological effect of penicillin was already determined.
(b)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of sildenafil (Viagra) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Sildenafil’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Sildenafil was synthesized in the 90’s to cure hypertension and angina pectoris. But this was not effective after testing on the humans. While the person being tested had undergone penile erection. Hence, the physiological effect of the sildenafil was determined after it was being tested on the person.
(c)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of rofecoxib (Vioxx) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Rofecoxib’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Rofecoxib was discovered in 1990 to reduce the inflammation and treat the pain caused due to osteoarthritis. But it was discovered that this drug had a negative effect on the heart and increased the risk of cardiovascular disease. Hence, the physiological effect of rofecoxib was known after its use.
(d)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of atorvastatin (Lipitor) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Atorvastatin’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Atorvastatinwas an experimental compound, which was formed in 1982. When it was tested on the individuals, then it was found that it can treat bad LDLs and can reduce the rate of fatal heart attacks in the people with heart diseases.
(e)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of aspirin drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Aspirin’s physiological effect was determined before it was used.
Explanation of Solution
In 400 BC the extract from willow was found to have effective results on fever, inflammation, and pain. In the 19th century, experiments were done on salicylic acid, which is an active compound of the willow extract. After finding the effectiveness of salicylic acid, it was prescribed by the pharmacists. Hence, the physiological effect of aspirin was already known.
(f)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of indinavir (Crixivan) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Indinavir’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Indinavir was discovered as a protease inhibitor, but after its experiments on the animals, and humans, it was found to be effective in HIV AIDS. Hence, its physiological effects were known after its discovery.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 28 Solutions
BIOCHEMISTRY-ACHIEVE (1 TERM)
- True or False. To increase adherence, vancomycin should be administered via the PO route to treat cellulitis of the left leg.arrow_forwardIndicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Phase III clinical trials are a minor part of the drug development process in the US.arrow_forwardpropose a biomaterial-based drug delivery system for carrying targeted delivery of doxorubicin for the specific treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma via intravenous route (for human)arrow_forward
- Describe the Mechanisms of Drug Resistance with an example.arrow_forwardPlease briefly explain How preformulation studies help to find the drug performance and the development of a dosage form-Briefly explain this with different drug properties and example? Please briefly answer at your own easy words.arrow_forwardChemotherapy Imm... Question 33 of 60 Adherence to guidelines for administration of oral ketoconazole can be demonstrated by: A. administering the dose with an acidic beverage. B. taking concurrently with aprepitant. C. avoiding selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors. D. administering on an empty stomach. Optionsarrow_forward
- Reviewing drug characteristics, choose an antimicrobial for each of the following situations (explain your choice): a. for an adult patient suffering from Mycoplasma pneumonia b. for a child with bacterial meningitis (drug must enter into cerebrospinal fl uid) c. for a patient who has chlamydiosis and an allergy to azithromycin d. for treating a child with Rocky Mountain spotted fever e. for PPNG drug-resistant gonorrheaarrow_forwardFor each of the following drugs, indicate whether the physiological effects of the drug were known before or after the target was identified. a. Penicillin b. Sildenafil (Viagra) c. Rofecoxib (Vioxx) d. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) e. Aspirin f. Indinavir (Crixivan)arrow_forwardCase Study . Several persons working in an exercise gym acquired an acute disease characterized by fever, cough, pneumonia, and headache. Treatment with erythromycin cleared it up. The source was never found, but an environmental focus was suspected.a. What do you think might have caused the disease? b. People in a different gym got skin lesions after sitting in a redwood hot tub. Which pathogen could have caused that?arrow_forward
- Write about Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (Tozinameran) You must include the following information Chemistry of the drugs: Structure, physicochemical properties, (log P, pKa, & stereochemistry) and chemical properties and stability. Mechanism of action: (including the possible drug target interactions) in CoVid-19 Pharmacokinetic: Absorption, distribution (% plasma binding), chemical basis of metabolic pathways and elimination Pharmacological properties including side effect, ADR, drug interaction, precautions, dose and dosage forms Stability and storage conditions, as well as Brand namesarrow_forwardMrs. Anderson, a 45-year-old woman with a history of chronic back pain, has been taking X as prescribed by her rheumatologist for the past eight months. During a routine check-up, her liver function tests revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes. She has not experienced any noticeable symptoms but is now being closely monitored for potential liver-related issues. 2. Propose a pharmacoepidemiological study design to confirm or refute the signal of hepatotoxicity associated with X. Consider factors such as study population, exposure definition, and outcome measures. Discuss the strengths and limitations of your chosen study design? Outline the methods and data sources that could be used to collect information on hepatotoxicity in patients using X.? Discuss how the findings of the study could have regulatory implications. If a significant association is identified, explore how regulatory agencies might implement other measures to ensure patient safety.? Develop communication…arrow_forwardWhat is the mechanism of action of the drug LIDOCAINE? pls. dont plagiarizearrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON