Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260259049
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 26, Problem 4MCQ
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Neurons are the specialized cells of nervous system that makes a complex network for the transmission of messages. A neuron involves a cell body, nerve fibers (dendrites and an axon) in its structure. Axons conduct impulses in one direction and send the information away from the cell body of the neuron.
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In an experiment you place a neuron and its synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions. You stimulate the neuron causing an action potential to propagate down the axon into the axon terminal of the neuron. 3.) What is the most likely result of this experimental manipulation?
A. Prolong the refractory period of the action potential
B. Decrease the time required to move sodium ions out of the axon terminal
C. Prevent neurotransmitter from binding to receptors on postsynaptic cells
D. Enhance the voltage changes associated with the action potential
E. Prevent release of neurotransmitter into the synapse
The nerve impulses always travel in one direction from dendrites to axon terminals. What prevents an action potential from travelling backward?
a. Hyperpolarization of the neuron makes the membrane more positive and prevents another action potential.
b. After repolarization, the refractory period occurs, where the sodium ions are found outside the cell.
c. After repolarization, the reversal of ions prevents another action potential as there would not be enough sodium ions outside the cell to rush in.
d. The refractory period prevents another action potential by lowering the threshold potential.
If an excitatory synapse and inhibitory synapse generate postsynaptic
potentials on the same neuron what can happen?
a. The generated potentials will sum up to make a larger postsynaptic
potential.
b. Nothing will happen, because inhibitory neurons will not form synapses
on the same neurons as excitatory neurons.
c.
The postsynaptic potential generated by the inhibitory synapse will
shunt the excitatory synapse, leading to a reduction in the postsynaptic
potential.
d. None of the above
Chapter 26 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 1MCCh. 26.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 26.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 26.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 26.2 - Where is the myelin sheath located?Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 3MCCh. 26.2 - What are the functions of each of the three...Ch. 26.3 - Describe the forces that maintain the distribution...Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 3MC
Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 4MCCh. 26.3 - What prevents action potentials from spreading in...Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 6MCCh. 26.3 - How do myelin and the nodes of Ranvier speed...Ch. 26.4 - Describe the structure of a synapse.Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 26.4 - Prob. 3MCCh. 26.4 - Prob. 4MCCh. 26.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 26.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 26.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 26.5 - Prob. 4MCCh. 26.6 - Prob. 1MCCh. 26.6 - Prob. 2MCCh. 26.6 - Prob. 3MCCh. 26.6 - List some structures that protect the central...Ch. 26.6 - Prob. 5MCCh. 26.7 - The researchers conducted a behavioral experiment...Ch. 26.7 - Prob. 2MCCh. 26 - Some cells of the central nervous system are...Ch. 26 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 26 - What event triggers an action potential? a....Ch. 26 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 26 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 26 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 26 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 26 - Damage to the surface tissue of the spinal cord...Ch. 26 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 26 - Describe some invertebrate nervous systems. Why do...Ch. 26 - Prob. 2WIOCh. 26 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 26 - Prob. 4WIOCh. 26 - What is the connection between the threshold...Ch. 26 - Write a nonbiological analogy for resting...Ch. 26 - Prob. 7WIOCh. 26 - Sketch a synapse: label the axon and synaptic...Ch. 26 - Describe the events that occur at a synapse when a...Ch. 26 - Prob. 10WIOCh. 26 - Prob. 11WIOCh. 26 - Cerebral palsy is a nervous system disorder that...Ch. 26 - Traumatic brain injury can occur when a person...Ch. 26 - Prob. 14WIOCh. 26 - Prob. 15WIOCh. 26 - Prob. 16WIOCh. 26 - Prob. 1PITCh. 26 - Prob. 2PITCh. 26 - PULL IT TOGETHER 4. Acid the somatic, autonomic,...
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- The axon hillock of a neuron reaches the threshold of excitation and the membrane potential becomes completely reversed. Then, suddenly, the membrane potential begins to return to resting membrane potential. What is the event that triggers this return to resting potential? A. Na+ channels close in a voltage-dependent manner B. Na+ channels close in a time-dependent manner C. Na+ channels close in a chemically-dependent manner D. Na+ channels open in a voltage-dependent mannerarrow_forwardLocal anesthetic is often used in dentistry to lessen the sensation of pain during dental procedures. It prevents propagation of nerve conduction by decreasing the flow of ions. a. Describe how depolarization of an action potential can be blocked by the use of local anesthetic. b. Your classmate explained that once the threshold potential has been reached, the inside charge of the neuron is more positive than the outside charge. Is she correct? Can you compare the inside charge to the outside charge in an axon treated with local anesthetic?arrow_forwardChoose the correct sequence of events along an axon: a. Resting potentials are propagated along a stimulated axon, causing a very small action potential. b. A threshold stimulus opens K+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then Na+ channels open, Na+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell membrane, forming the impulse. c. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+ channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell membrane, forming the impulse. d. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+ channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that inhibits adjacent cell membrane, forming the impulsearrow_forward
- Ordinarily, a neuron’s trigger zone is activated before any other part ofan axon, so a wave of action potentials occurs as sodium channelsopen in the direction of the synaptic terminal. What would happen ifyou artificially stimulated an axon to reach threshold potential midwayalong its length rather than at the trigger zone?a. Action potentials would occur in the direction of the synapticterminal.b. No action potentials would occur.c. Action potentials would occur in the direction of the trigger zone.d. Both a and c are correct.arrow_forwardThe two primary factors that influence the speed of an action potential propagation are axon diameter and a. myelination. b. the type of associated glial cell(s). c. concentration of K+ in the cell. d. the length of the axon.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT an example of communication that happens from one neuron to another neuron? A. Endocrine signaling (ex. hormones secreted into the blood stream travel and bind to receptors on dstant cells). B. Retrograde neurotransmission (ex.the dendrite releases a neuroactive substance that binds to receptors on the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron). C. Electrical communication via propagation of action potential from one node of ranvier to the next node of ranvier. D. Volume transmission (ex. neuropeptides diffuse away from the synapse and bind to receptors on adjacent cells) E. Electrical communication through gap junctions.arrow_forward
- Charge from depolarization along the axon reaches the axon terminal, but there is a lack of neurotransmitter release. Which of the following would cause this? Group of answer choices A. Lack of Na+ in the synaptic cleft B. Lack of Ca2+ in the synaptic cleft C. Reduced amount of K+ at the axon terminal D. Lack of voltage-gated sodium channels in the axon terminalarrow_forwardBoth potassium and sodium channels located along the nerve membrane are voltage-gated. This means that they respond to the changes in the voltage by opening and closing the gates to allow the ions to flow in or out of the membrane. When the threshold level is reached and depolarization occurs, how come only the sodium ions begin to rush in? a. The threshold levels for both sodium and potassium channels are equal, but sodium channels are slower to open. b. The threshold levels for both sodium and potassium channels are equal, but potassium channels take longer to open. c. The threshold level for the potassium channels is lower than the sodium channels. d. The threshold level for the potassium channels is higher than the sodium channels.arrow_forwardRelatively high velocity (speed) action potential propagation is a feature of axons that have which of the following: a. additional mitochondria b. reduced absolute refractory period c. fewer potassium channels d. a myelin sheath Which effect listed below would characterize the drug as a serotonin agonist? a. Stimulating monoamine oxidase to reduce available serotonin b. Binding and activating a postsynaptic serotonin receptor c. Increasing the efficiency of a serotonin transporterarrow_forward
- Suppose you want to cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release its transmitter. How could you do so without an action potential?A. Decrease the temperature at the synapse.B. Use an electrode to produce IPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron.C. Inject water into the presynaptic terminal.D. Inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements correctly describes the function of mitochondria found in axon terminals? a. They synthesize enzymes, which are required to break down the neurotransmitters. b. They synthesize vesicles, which transport sodium and potassium ions across the synapse. c. They synthesize ATP, which is required for the production of neurotransmitters. d. They synthesize ATP, which is required to bond the axon terminal to the dendrites.arrow_forwardDuring an action potential, the inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive than the outside. Why does this happen? a. During depolarization, the sodium ions rush in and the potassium ions have not begun rushing out, making the inside more positive. b. During depolarization, the sodium ions rush in and the potassium ions have not begun rushing out, making the outside more positive. c. During depolarization, the potassium ions rush in and the sodium ions have begun rushing out, making the inside more positive. d. During depolarization, the sodium ions rush in and the potassium ions have begun rushing out, making the outside more positive.arrow_forward
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