Research suggests that expression of certain genes is controlled by conversion of some cytosine bases in the genome to 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase. Cytosine methylation may be a means by which some genes are turned off as cells differentiate during growth and development. It may also play a role in some cancer processes and in defending the genome from foreign DNA such as viral genes. Measuring the level of methylation in DNA is an important analytical process. One method for measuring cytosine methylation is known as methylation-specific PCR. This technique requires that all unmethylated cytosines in a sample of DNA be converted to uracil by deamination of the C4 amino group in the unmethylated cytosines. This is accomplished by treating the DNA with sodium bisulfite
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