Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Using octadecanoic (stearic) acid and any necessary organic and inorganic reagents, an efficient synthesis for each compound is to be described.
Concept introduction:
The reduction of
The primary alcohol on oxidation with pyridinium dichromate
In Clemmensen reduction, the carbonyl group (aldehyde or
The esters can be synthesized by acid catalyzed condensation of carboxylic acid with alcohol.
The ester on reaction with one molar equivalent of Grignard’s reagent in diethyl ether gives ketone by carbon-carbon bond formation.
The ester on reaction with two molar equivalents of Grignard’s reagent in diethyl ether gives tertiary alcohol.
The dehydration of alcohol is the loss of
The alcohol on acid catalyzed dehydration gives corresponding alkene.
The alkene on hydrogenation with the catalyst undergoes addition of hydrogen across the double bond and forms an alkane.
The primary amine can be prepared by the acylation of ammonia.
The secondary amide can be prepared by the nucleophilic substitution of acyl chloride by amine. The two moles amines used with one mole of acyl chloride, because one amine molecule acts as a nucleophile and second acts as a Brønsted base.
The carboxylic acids on reaction with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid with chlorine atom.
The primary amide on reduction with lithium aluminum hydride
The reaction of thionyl chloride with alcohol gives alkyl halide.
The reaction of alkyl halide with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanide.
The cyanide (nitrile) can be reduced to primary amine using lithium aluminum hydride
The alkyl bromide can be prepared by the reaction of alcohol with phosphorus tribromide
Grignard reagents are prepared by the reaction of the magnesium metal with an alkyl or aryl halide usually in diethyl ether as the solvent.
The potassium or sodium dichromate in presence of strong acid forms chromic acid which is a good oxidizing agent, in hydrous medium oxidizes primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.
The epoxide on treatment with Grignard reagent undergoes epoxide ring opening by forming a corresponding alcohol.
Answer to Problem 28P
Solution:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Explanation of Solution
The structure of octadecanoic (stearic) acid is shown below:
a) Octadecane
The synthesis of octadecane from octadecanoic acid can be done by following reactions sequence:
The octadecanoic acid on reaction with lithium aluminum hydride in aqueous medium reduced to octadecanol which is further on oxidation with pyridinium dichromate
b)
The synthesis of
The octadecanoic acid first converted to an ester by reacting it with ethanol in acidic condition. The ester formed is then reacted with a Grignard’s reagent phenylmagnesium bromide
c)
The synthesis of
The octadecanoic acid is first converted to an ester by reacting it with ethanol in acidic condition. The ester formed is then reacted with a Grignard’s reagent ethyl bromide bromide
d) Icosanoic acid
The synthesis of Icosanoic acid from octadecanoic acid can be done by following reactions sequence:
In the first step, the octadecanoic acid is reduced to primary alcohol by reducing agent lithium aluminum hydride
e)
The synthesis of
The octadecanoic acid on reaction with thonyl chloride in presence of pyridine gave the product of acyl chloride. The acyl chloride is converted to
f)
The synthesis of
In the first step, the octadecanoic acid is reduced to primary alcohol by reducing agent lithium aluminum hydride
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