Anatomy & Physiology
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781259398629
Author: McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher: Mcgraw Hill Education,
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Textbook Question
Chapter 2.4, Problem 17WDL
Which property of water contributes to the need to produce surfactant and prevent collapse of the alveoli? Which property contributes to body temperature regulation through sweating? Why is sweating less effective in cooling the body on a humid day?
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Carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic respiration of animals but is not completely removed from the body. What then is its role in homeostasis?
A patient accidentally swallows 4 pills of Ipecac, a known emetic. He then suffers the consequence, with one effect being hypochloremia. His blood gas results show an increased pCO2, increased pH, and increased bicarbonate levels as his body tries to correct the condition. Which of the following is the body's response to the condition stated above and as mirrored by the blood pH and gas analysis?
metabolic correction of respiratory alkalosis
metabolic correction of respiratory acidosis
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Which one of the following statements about the afferent components of the respiratory control system is INCORRECT?
Select one:
a.
In order to stimulate hyperventilation the sympathetic nervous system tricks the carotid body by constricting the capillaries that serve glomus cells; reduced blood flow to the cell causes localised hypoxia triggering a compensatory hyperventilation response even before systemic hypoxia is apparent.
b.
In type 1 glomus cells of the carotid bodies, hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis trigger afferent signalling by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarising the cell membrane, and opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that trigger the release of neurotransmitters onto afferent glossopharyngeal nerve fibres.
c.
Chemoreceptor cells can be found in the carotid body.
d.
The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits afferent impulses from the carotid body to the ventral respiratory group of neurons.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 4LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 1WDTCh. 2.1 - What subatomic particles determine the mass of an...Ch. 2.1 - Diagram the atomic structure of chlorineatomic...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 5LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 6LOCh. 2.1 - Do isotopes represent the same element? Do they...
Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 7LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 8LOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 4WDLCh. 2.2 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
9. Define an ion.
Ch. 2.2 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
10. List some common ions in...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 11LOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 12LOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 2WDTCh. 2.2 - List the common cations and anions of the human...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 6WDLCh. 2.2 - Explain how and why ions form based on the octet...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 13LOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 14LOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 15LOCh. 2.2 - Could an ionic bond form between two cations or...Ch. 2.3 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
16. Define a molecular...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 17LOCh. 2.3 - Prob. 9WDLCh. 2.3 - What is an isomer?Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 18LOCh. 2.3 - Prob. 19LOCh. 2.3 - Prob. 20LOCh. 2.3 - Prob. 21LOCh. 2.3 - Explain covalent bond formation in terms of...Ch. 2.3 - Assign the partial charges between nitrogen and...Ch. 2.3 - Why are some covalent bonds nonpolar and others...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 22LOCh. 2.3 - Prob. 23LOCh. 2.3 - WHAT DO YOU THINK?
3 Is the fatty acid portion of...Ch. 2.3 - Are O2, and CO2 nonpolar or polar molecules?Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 24LOCh. 2.3 - Prob. 25LOCh. 2.3 - What is the name of the intermolecular attraction...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 26LOCh. 2.4 - What is the intermolecular bond that is...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 27LOCh. 2.4 - Which property of water contributes to the need to...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 28LOCh. 2.4 - Prob. 29LOCh. 2.4 - Prob. 30LOCh. 2.4 - How does the interaction of a nonelectrolyte and...Ch. 2.4 - How do phospholipid molecules interact with water...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 31LOCh. 2.5 - Explain why water is neutral.Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 32LOCh. 2.5 - Which type of substance releases H+ when added to...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 33LOCh. 2.5 - Prob. 34LOCh. 2.5 - Prob. 35LOCh. 2.5 - Prob. 4WDTCh. 2.5 - What is the general relationship of [H+] and pH?Ch. 2.5 - Why are buffers important and how do they function...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 36LOCh. 2.6 - Prob. 37LOCh. 2.6 - Prob. 24WDLCh. 2.6 - Why is blood also considered the other two types...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 38LOCh. 2.6 - What are four ways solution concentration may be...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 39LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 40LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 41LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 42LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 27WDLCh. 2.7 - What functional groups may act as an acid?Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 29WDLCh. 2.7 - Prob. 43LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 44LOCh. 2.7 - Do lipid molecules typically dissolve in water?...Ch. 2.7 - Which class of lipids forms cell membranes? What...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 45LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 46LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 47LOCh. 2.7 - What is the repeating monomer of glycogen? Where...Ch. 2.7 - For each of the following, indicate if it is a...Ch. 2.7 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
48. Describe the general...Ch. 2.7 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
49. Describe the structure of...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 50LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 51LOCh. 2.7 - What is the general function of nucleic acids?Ch. 2.7 - What are the structural differences between RNA...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 52LOCh. 2.7 - Prob. 53LOCh. 2.7 - What are the monomers of proteins and the name of...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 37WDLCh. 2.8 - Prob. 54LOCh. 2.8 - Prob. 55LOCh. 2.8 - Prob. 56LOCh. 2.8 - Prob. 38WDLCh. 2.8 - Prob. 57LOCh. 2.8 - Prob. 58LOCh. 2.8 - Prob. 59LOCh. 2.8 - Prob. 5WDTCh. 2.8 - What distinguishes the tertiary and quaternary...Ch. 2.8 - What happens to a protein when it denatures? How...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1DYBCh. 2 - _____ 2. Substances that dissolve in water include...Ch. 2 - _____ 3. Temperature stabilization is dependent...Ch. 2 - _____ 4. All of the following are accurate about...Ch. 2 - _____ 5. Blood is a mixture that is more...Ch. 2 - Prob. 6DYBCh. 2 - _____ 7. Glucose is stored as which molecule...Ch. 2 - _____ 8. All of the following are common ions of...Ch. 2 - _____ 9. Intermolecular attractions between polar...Ch. 2 - _____ 10. When a protein permanently unfolds, it...Ch. 2 - List the common ions of the human body by name,...Ch. 2 - Describe a polar bond and a polar molecule.Ch. 2 - Diagram two water molecules and label the polar...Ch. 2 - Compare and contrast what occurs when a substance...Ch. 2 - Define the terms acid, base, PH, and buffers.Ch. 2 - Explain the units for expressing a concentration...Ch. 2 - Do You Know the Basics?
17. List the four...Ch. 2 - Prob. 18DYBCh. 2 - Describe how phospholipid molecules form the...Ch. 2 - Explain protein denaturation, including bow it...Ch. 2 - Which property of water is significant in children...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2CALCh. 2 - Prob. 3CALCh. 2 - The condition of rickets involves bones that have...Ch. 2 - The hormone insulin is a __________ composed of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1CSLCh. 2 - The lab results from a diabetic patient show a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3CSL
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- Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across our respiratory surface into and out of the blood via simple diffusion. The respiratory membrane is thin so gases diffuse only a short distance through the liquid and into the blood. Fluid buildup in the lungs increases the distance through the liquid medium. How does this impact the concentration of oxygen in the blood? Explain.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding control of respiration is TRUE? At high altitude, a decrease in PC02 of the blood stimulates an increase in ventilation. An increase in the HCO3- concentration in blood stimulates ventilation. A slight decrease in arterial PO2 is a stronger stimulus for increased ventilation than is a comparable decrease in arterial PCO2. The most important signal for regulating ventilation is the H+ concentration of arterial blood. Increased concentrations of lactic acid stimulate ventilation primarily by acting on peripheral chemoreceptors.arrow_forwardwhy do oxygen levels decreasearrow_forward
- (a) The partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs can be varied rapidly by the rate and depth of breathing. For example, a common remedy to alleviate hiccups is to increase the concentration of CO2 in the lungs. This can be achieved by holding one’s breath, by very slow and shallow breathing (hypoventilation), or by breathing in and out of a paper bag.Under such conditions, pCO2 in the air space of the lungs rises above normal. Qualitatively explain the effect of these procedures on the blood pH.(b) A common practice of competitive short-distance runners is to breathe rapidly and deeply (hyperventilate) for about half a minute to remove CO2from their lungs just before the race begins. Blood pH may rise to 7.60. Explain why the blood pH increases.(c) During a short-distance run, the muscles produce a large amount of lactic acid (CH2CH(OH)COOH; K2 = 1.38 × 10 –4 M) from their glucose stores. Why might hyperventilation before a dash be useful?arrow_forwardWhen the blood passes through the lungs, CO₂ is expelled and the hemoglobin picks up oxygen. Place the following steps in the correct order (1 = first thing to happen), assuming that it is the decreased [CO₂] during exhalation that initiates the transition. Carbonic anhydrase works to restore the CO₂/bicarbonate equilibrium, reducing the [H+] The T-state is less stabilized. Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin. Protons dissociate from the hemoglobin.arrow_forwardWhen compared to a blood sample from a normally breathing person, a person with pulmonary disease resulting in reduced alveolar ventilation would show: Select one: Oa. elevated plasma pCO2, increased plasma HCO3 and lower pH O b decreased plasma pCO2, decreased plasma HCO3 and lower pH Oc. elevated plasma pCO2, increased plasma HCO3 and higher pH Od. elevated plasma pCO2, decreased plasma HCO3 and lower pH elevated plasma pCO2, decreased plasma HCO3 and higher pHarrow_forward
- Considering the nature of negative-feedback control and the function of the respiratory system, what effect do you predict that a decrease in CO2 in the internal environment would have on how rapidly and deeply a person breathes?arrow_forwardHello, A depressed person attempts to commit suicide by taking a whole bottle of sleeping pills. The pills cause a drastic decrease in the pH. The patient starts having breathing difficulties because the thick and thin filaments within the respiratory muscles are breaking down. Please explain why their respiratory muscles are breaking down? Thank Youarrow_forwardWhy would heat production and body temperature and epinephrine and norepinephrine levels have an effect on the amount of Oxygen a person takes in?arrow_forward
- How can higher altitudes affect the respiratory rate? What happens if a person drinks alcohol after climbing up a mountain? Will this result to respiratory alkalosis or acidosis?arrow_forwardWhy do dieters who follow Atkin’s diet (a diet high in fat and protein and very low in carbohydrate) sometimes suffer from bad breath?arrow_forwardOxygen is mainly carried through blood in what form?arrow_forward
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