Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 23, Problem 2RQ
Explain how a cladistic classification for the vertebrates produces important regroupings of the traditional vertebrate taxa (refer to Figure 23.2). Why are Agnatha and Reptilia, as traditionally rocognized, inconsistent with cladistic principles?
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A 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm
Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.
Through the phylogenetic tree of major groups of vertebrates provided below, answer the given table by numbering and naming each node in the diagram. Then list the names of each group and write down the shared characteristic(s) of it. You may add more rows if needed.
Node Number (e.g. 1 - Gnasthostomata)
Animal Group 1
Animal Group 2
Shared Characteristics of Animal Group 1 & 2
As we have discussed in class, phylogenies are hypotheses, and can therefore change
over time with new evidence. Relatively recent and strong molecular evidence (that
we did not discuss in class) suggests that all members of the Subphylum Hexapoda
are derived from a common ancestor within the Subphylum Crustacea, as in the
cladogram shown below. Given this new information, answer the question below.
Note: Don't panic. Some of the names of these groups are new to you (Copepoda,
Malacostraca, and Remipedia are all classes or subclasses within the Subphylum
Crustacea), but this will not affect your ability to answer this question.
Myriapoda
Copepoda
(Crustacea)
Malacostraca
(Crustacea)
Hexapoda
Remipedia
(Crustacea)
If we insisted that all groups must be categorized and named so that taxonomic
ranks/names always include a single common ancestor and all of its descendants,
how would this new evidence change our definition of a hexapod?
Hexapoda and Melacostraca would have to be classified…
Chapter 23 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
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- The following four line drawings are reconstructions of invertebrate fossil. Using your knowledge of the extant invertebrate phyla, please indicate which phylum this species mostly likely belongs to. Support your conclusion by connecting the morphological characteristics of the fossil species with the distinguishing characteristics of the phylum.arrow_forwardThe tree shows one lineage of ornithischian dinosaurs and many lineages of theropoddinosaurs. Some important traits are mapped on the tree including the aspects of feathers, digits of thehands and a few behaviors. a. What phylogenetic function do the Ornithischian dinosaurs play in this tree?b. What trait is shared by all theropod dinosaurs?c. Only two lineages are thought to be capable of flight. What trait may have helped their wings to bestrong enough?d. What seems to happen to the bones of the hand across this tree of dinosaurs?e. What other bone characteristics might be important to ultimately enabling flight?arrow_forwardPlease use the following data table of mesodermal patterning and homeobox genes to help you reconstruct a most parsimonious tree of basal Animals: "1" means the gene is present in that taxon, and "0" means it is absent. Please use these taxa as tips on your tree and indicate where on the tree each gene evollved. Mesodermal patterning genes and Homeodomains (Homeobox genes) Таха COL TALE AMPA POU Erb-B HNF PROS SINE CASK GRIP S-50 recep. recep. PRD Bilateria 1. 1 1 1 1 1 Choanoflagellata 1 1 1. Cnidaria 1 Ctenophora 1 1 1 1 1 Placozoa 1 1 0. 1 Porifera 1 0. 0. Fungiarrow_forward
- Make a table separating the animals based on the physical properties such as: I. Presence or absence of a backbone II. Ability to breathe in air or water III. Cold or warm blooded IV. Carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore V. Presence or absence of hair/fur VI. Any other external structure such as horns After that, construct a phylogenetic tree (example is on the picture I uploaded)arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic tree depicting our current understanding of the animal phylogeny. Include the major groups of animals at the tips of your tree: Deuterostomia, Protostomia, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Porifera, and Cnidaria. Additionally, label the common ancestor of all animals, indicate which groups are considered invertebrates, and indicate where the vertebrates fit within the phylogeny. Write on your tree where the following characteristics arose as evolutionary innovations: multicellularity, true tissues, radial and bilateral symmetry, animals with 2 germ layers and animals with 3 germ layers.arrow_forwardDraw a cladogram for the animals: Amphioxus; Lamprey; an osteostracan( derived ostracoderm); Reef shark;African lungfish and cichlid ( teleost fish) and label the cladogram with the following clades and characters Clade:Chordata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Chondrichthyes 5. Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Characters: Notochord; Muscular pharynx; Dermal bone; Pectoral fins • Jaw; Pelvic fins; Endochondral bone; Lobed fins and 7 clusters of Hox genesarrow_forward
- Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply. A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree. B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor. C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species. D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles. E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the phylogeny of birds and reptiles. Question 35 options: a) Birds are more closely related to amphibians then they are to reptiles. b) Birds are a type of reptile, but are not related to dinosaurs. c) Birds and reptiles are the least related vertebrates. d) Birds are a type of reptile and are descended from a group of dinosaurs.arrow_forwardVertebrates Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Phylogeny based on morphology Amphioxus Lampreys Sharks Ray-finned fishes Coelacanth Lungfishes Amphibians Monotremes Marsupials Placental mammals Turtles Tuatara Lizards Snakes Turtles Crocodiles Birds Phylogeny based on DNA sequencearrow_forward
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