Microbiology: A Systems Approach
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259706615
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 21, Problem 3CTQ
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The process of antigenic shift in the evolution of the
Introduction:
Influenza virus is of three types namely A, B, and C. They belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae. They have a diameter of
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X is a zoonotic infection first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The infection presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes and may lead to a range of medical complications. X was first identified outside of Africa in 2003 and later reported in the United States of America, linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. The pets were reportedly housed with Gambian pouched rats and dormice, imported from Ghana. X has also been further reported in travelers from Nigeria to different countries around the world between 2018 and 2021. This resulted in multiple cases of X identified in several non-endemic countries in 2022, including South Africa. 3.1 Explain the clinical symptoms and laboratory diagnosis of infection X( five each)
X is a zoonotic infection first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The infection presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes and may lead to a range of medical complications. X was first identified outside of Africa in 2003 and later reported in the United States of America, linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. The pets were reportedly housed with Gambian pouched rats and dormice, imported from Ghana. X has also been further reported in travelers from Nigeria to different countries around the world between 2018 and 2021. This resulted in multiple cases of X identified in several non-endemic countries in 2022, including South Africa.2.1 Identify the infection (X) and provide a detailed description of the causative agent. (10)2.2 Discuss the transmission and pathogenesis of the virus that causes infection X. (10)2.3 Explain the clinical symptoms and laboratory diagnosis of infection X. (10)2.4 Discuss the importance of…
Explain why a different influenza vaccine is necessary every year. How is this different from the development of pandemic versions? Please include in your answer the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Microbiology: A Systems Approach
Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1AYPCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2AYPCh. 21.2 - Prob. 3AYPCh. 21.3 - Prob. 4AYPCh. 21.3 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 21.3 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 21.4 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 21.4 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 21.4 - Prob. 9AYPCh. 21.4 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 21.4 - Plan a response for a situation in which a patient...Ch. 21.4 - Compare and contrast antigenic drift and antigenic...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 17AYPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 18AYPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 21 - Prob. 1MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 21 - Which is not a characteristic of Streptococcus...Ch. 21 - The common stain used to identify Mycobacterium...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 21 - Which of the following infections often has a...Ch. 21 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 11TFCh. 21 - Prob. 12TFCh. 21 - Prob. 13TFCh. 21 - Prob. 14TFCh. 21 - Prob. 15TFCh. 21 - Prob. 1CTQCh. 21 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 21 - Prob. 3CTQCh. 21 - In an episode of the television show House. Dr....Ch. 21 - Prob. 5CTQCh. 21 - Prob. 1VCCh. 21 - Prob. 1CM
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- Why is H5N1 avian influenza considered a majorthreat to public health?arrow_forwardInfluenza virus is an RNA virus with a segmented genome whereas SARS-Cov-2, the cause of COVID19 disease, is an RNA virus with an unsegmented genome. Which of the following reasonsexplain why influenza viruses are more likely to cause a global pandemie? Select ALL that apply.a).Both influenza viruses and SARS-COV-2 undergo antigenic driftb).Influenza viral strains can exchange genomes in the same host cell.c).SARS-COV-2 can undergo antigenic shift.d).SARS-COV-2 viral strains can exchange genomes in the same host celle).Influenza viruses can undergo antigenic shift.arrow_forwardIn February the WHO reported several cases of farm workers being infected with the bird flu influenza A H5N8. Briefly explain what the H5N8 stands for.arrow_forward
- Discuss the chain of environmental and biological events leading to the outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States in 1993.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct? A-It results in major antigenic changes B-It affects predominantly the matrix protein C-It is exhibited by only influenza A viruses D-It is due to frame shift mutations in viral genes E-It results in new sub types over timearrow_forwardThe book "Spillover" by David Quammen mentions the significance of anecdotal evidence from locals who've experienced isolated outbreaks. Give an example from the book of such evidence and how it is actually valuable to scientists, even if accounts are second- or third hand. How was anecdotal evidence used to understand the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? Give two specific examples.arrow_forward
- What are the two main phenomena responsible for the emergence of new strains of influenza A? Briefly describe how these events develop and contribute to emergence of new strains.arrow_forwardYearly vaccination is the primary means of preventing and controlling flu outbreaks. Here 'yearly' is important because: New vaccines with better efficacy are produced each year Circulating strains of influenza viruses change from year to year New vaccines with up-to-date strain components are produced each year Who is at higher risk of developing severe pneumonia when infected with SARS-CoV-2? An undergraduate A student at high-school A 6-month-old baby A 70 years old man with diabetes and high blood pressurearrow_forwardPertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Below is a graph showing the prevalence of cases of pertussis in England and Wales. Answer ALL of the following questions based on the graph. 1) What do the orange and the green lines signify? 2) Make TWO inferences on the relationship between the orange and the green lines. 3) Estimate within a 5-year span, the approximate time that a vaccine for pertussis became available.arrow_forward
- Why can bird flu H5N1 infect humans?arrow_forwardDiscuss the role of each of these factors in the causation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Be specific with respect to the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects: 1. zoonotic virus origins 2. immunologically naive population 3. SARS-CoV-2 virulence factors affecting transmissibility 4. evolution of immune-resistant virus variants.arrow_forwardThe emerge of the SARS-COV-2 and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)-COV illustrate the threat of cross species transmission leading to out breaks in humans. What is the history of transmission of SARS-COV-2 to humans? What animals were involved in the transmission? Could this transmission happen again with other viruses?arrow_forward
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