Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305961135
Author: Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougal
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 20, Problem 49RE
MATHEMATICAL What yield of ATP can be expected from complete oxidation of each of the following substrates by the reactions of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
(a) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
(b) Glucose
(c) Phosphoenolpyruvate
(d) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(e) NADH
(f) Pyruvate
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ENZYME KINETICS ANALYSIS
of 6
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of uric acid, which in excess
causes gouty arthritis. The inhibition of this enzyme is therefore critical in its treatment. A student
researcher is investigating the inhibitory effects of kaempferol (Kmp) and chlorogenic acid (Cha) on XO
which uses xanthine (Xan) as substrate. Table 1 below shows the enzyme kinetic data. Construct the
Lineweaver-Burk plot complete with the linear regression analvsis. Fill in the needed information on Table
2 and paste a copy of your Lineweaver-Burk plot. submit the picture of your output in PNG or JPG format.
Table 1. Enzyme Kinetic Data
Velocity, mM/s
[S], mM
Хan
Kmp
Cha
0.492
0.0678
0.0351
0.0615
0.211
0.0531
0.0261
0.0451
0.087
0.0298
0.0157
0.0211
0.048
0.0195
0.0091
0.0142
0.029
0.0127
0.0067
0.0081
Table 2. Enzyme Kinetic Parameters
Xanthine
Kaempferol
Chlorogenic acid
Parameters
Vmax
Км
Type of Inhibition
Mode of Binding
NA
NA
Lineweaver-Burk Plot
Consider decosanoic acid C12H43CO2H
SUB PART TO BE SOLVED
How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation?
How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation.
How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid?
What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid?
Solution: Show here the complete computations, [from 1 to 4]
Arrange the balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in the catabolism of glucose to two molecules of
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (the preparatory phase of glycolysis).
First step
Last step
Answer Bank
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate - dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP →→→→ fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP
Glucose + ATP → glucose 6-phosphate + ADP
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate →→→→ fructose 6-phosphate
Chapter 20 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 20 - RECALL Briefly summarize the steps in the electron...Ch. 20 - RECALL Are electron transport and oxidative...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3RECh. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Show how the reactions of the...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY How does mitochondrial structure...Ch. 20 - Prob. 6RECh. 20 - Prob. 7RECh. 20 - MATHEMATICAL Using the information in Table 20.2,...Ch. 20 - Prob. 9RECh. 20 - Prob. 10RE
Ch. 20 - MATHEMATICAL Calculate E for the following...Ch. 20 - Prob. 12RECh. 20 - MATHEMATICAL Which is more favorable...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Comment on the fact that the...Ch. 20 - RECALL What do cytochromes have in common with...Ch. 20 - RECALL How do the cytochromes differ from...Ch. 20 - RECALL Which of the following does not play a role...Ch. 20 - Prob. 18RECh. 20 - Prob. 19RECh. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Cytochrome oxidase and...Ch. 20 - Prob. 22RECh. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Reflect on the evolutionary...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Experimental evidence strongly...Ch. 20 - Prob. 25RECh. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY What is the advantage of having...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why do the electron-transfer...Ch. 20 - Prob. 28RECh. 20 - Prob. 29RECh. 20 - Prob. 30RECh. 20 - RECALL Describe the role of the F1 portion of ATP...Ch. 20 - Prob. 32RECh. 20 - Prob. 33RECh. 20 - Prob. 34RECh. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY What is the approximate P/O...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why is it difficult to determine...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY What are some of the...Ch. 20 - RECALL Briefly summarize the main arguments of the...Ch. 20 - Prob. 39RECh. 20 - Prob. 40RECh. 20 - Prob. 41RECh. 20 - Prob. 42RECh. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY Criticize the following...Ch. 20 - Prob. 44RECh. 20 - Prob. 45RECh. 20 - Prob. 46RECh. 20 - RECALL How does the yield of ATP from complete...Ch. 20 - REFLECT AND APPLY The malate-aspartate shuttle...Ch. 20 - MATHEMATICAL What yield of ATP can be expected...Ch. 20 - MATHEMATICAL The free-energy change (G) for the...
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- MATHEMATICAL Calculate the net ATP yield from the complete processing of a saturated fatty acid containing 17 carbons. Consider the -oxidation steps, processing of acetyl-CoA through the citric acid cycle, and electron transport.arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL Calculate the net ATP yield from oleic acid (18:19). Hint: Remember the step that bypasses acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL Calculate the net ATP yield from linoleic acid (18:29,12). For this calculation, assume that the loss of an NADPH is the same as the loss of an NADH.arrow_forward
- MATHEMATICAL The free-energy change (G) for the oxidation of the cytochrome aa3 complex by molecular oxygen is 2102.3kJ=224.5kcal for each mole of electron pairs transferred. What is the maximum number of moles of ATP that could be produced in the process? How many moles of ATP are actually produced? What is the efficiency of the process, expressed as a percentage?arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL For the following aspartase reaction (see Question 28) in the presence of the inhibitor hydroxymethylaspartate, determine KM and whether the inhibition is competitive or noncompetitive. [s](molarity)V,noInhibitor(arbitraryunits)V,InhibitorPresent(samearbitraryunits)110451041.5103510311.00.0260.0920.1360.1659.520.0100.0400.0860.1427.60arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL Calculate the ATP yield for the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid (16 carbons). How does this figure differ from that obtained for stearic acid (18 carbons)?arrow_forward
- MATHEMATICAL Using the data in Table 15.1, calculate the value of G for the following reaction. Creatinephosphate+GlycerolCreatine+Glycerol-3-phosphate Hint: This reaction proceeds in stages. ATP is formed in the first step, and the phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glycerol in the second step.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The intermediates of glycolysis are phosphorylated, but those of the citric acid cycle are not. Suggest a reason why.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY In metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) can be used for glycogen synthesis or for glycolysis, among other fates. What does it cost, in terms of ATP equivalents, to store G6P as glycogen, rather than to use it for energy in glycolysis? Hint: The branched structure of glycogen leads to 90% of glucose residues being released as glucose-1-phosphate and 10% as glucose.arrow_forward
- RECALL How many enzymes are involved in mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase? What are their functions?arrow_forwardQuestion: A. To explore the consequences of coupling ATP hydrolysis under physiological conditions to a thermodynamically unfavorable biochemical reaction, consider the hypothetical transformation X⟶Y, for which Δ?′°=20.0 kJ/mol. What is the ratio of [Y]/[X][Y]/[X] at equilibrium? B. Suppose XX and YY participate in a sequence of reactions during which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi. The overall reaction is X+ATP+H2O⟶Y+ADP+Pi Calculate [Y]/[X] for this reaction at equilibrium. Assume that the temperature is 25.0 °C and the equilibrium concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi are 1.00 M each. C. We know that [ATP], [ADP], and [Pi] are not 1.00 M under physiological conditions. Calculate [Y]/[X] for the ATP‑coupled reaction when the values of [ATP], [ADP], and [Pi] are those found in rat myocytes. Metabolite Concentration in rat myocytes (M) ATP 8.05x10-3 ADP 0.93x10-3 Pi 8.05x10-3arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are about to use mitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specify addition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reaction mixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does the source not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forward
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