Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
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Chapter 20, Problem 3PDT
Summary Introduction
To explain: Whether "living fossils" such as horseshoe crabs differ from other species in the amount of
Introduction: Living fossils are organisms that have survived in the environment with a very minute structural and functional change. They have shown low degree evolution. Horseshoe crabs are the best examples of living fossils.
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Evolution is the theory that species change over time. According to this theory, new species form from existing species through variation and natural selection. The evolutionary process is very slow and the transformation of one species into another requires thousands of years. Several evidences are used to prove evolution and somehow reconstruct how this process occur:
1.Fossil Records.
2.Homologous Body Structures.
3.Vestigial structures.
4.Similarity of embryo.
5.Geographical evidence
A 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm
Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Evolution
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- What makes Archeopteryx an important fossil evolutionarily? This species has a mix of characters that suggest it was a "transitional" species between two large groups, dinosaurs and birds. This species is the oldest known, universally agreed upon, fossil of life, and therefore tells up what the common ancestor to all living things might have been like. This species is thought to be the last common ancestor between chimps and humans, and therefore is the root of our own specific group (homonins). This species has a mix of characters that suggests is was a "transitional" species between two large groups, fish and amphibians.arrow_forward1) How have scientists created the "tree of life"? Do you think that variations exist between these created trees? 2) What are the pros and cons to creating a "tree of life"? 3) When constructing this tree of life we can see many dead ends or organisms that we are unsure of their exact placement. Why is this? 4) Choose one species (either alive today or extinct) and describe its taxonomic classification. What traits or characteristics were used to classify this species into its current taxonomic classification? What other organisms are considered to be its closest relatives?arrow_forwardSome people think that many of our uniquely human traits arose by sexual selection. Over thousands of years, women attracted to charming, witty men perhaps prompted the development of human intellect beyond what was necessary for mere survival. Men attracted to women with juvenile features may have shifted the species as a whole to be less hairy and softer featured than any of our simian relatives. Can you think of a way to test these hypotheses?arrow_forward
- n which situation would it make sense to use the morphological species concept? When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed When working with fossils from extinct organisms When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive dataarrow_forwardWorking as an Anthropologist in South Africa, you’ve been given four hominin craniums and are asked to develop a new classification system. Using cranium size, the robustness of the cheek bones and brow ridges, and the prognathism of the face, how would you categorize these four skulls into species? Would you categorize all four of them as belonging to the same genus? Two geneses? Three geneses? Four geneses? Do you believe any of them are the same species? Explain how you would categorize these four specimens. Explain what features you used to categorize these specimens.arrow_forwardWorking as an Anthropologist in South Africa, you’ve been given four hominin craniums and are asked to develop a new classification system. Using cranium size, the robustness of the cheek bones and brow ridges, and the prognathism of the face, how would you categorize these four skulls into species? Would you categorize all four of them as belonging to the same genus? Two geneses? Three geneses? Four geneses? Do you believe any of them are the same species? Explain how you would categorize these four specimens. Explain what features you used to categorize these specimens. This is the image of the 4 different hominin individualsarrow_forward
- Working as an Anthropologist in South Africa, you’ve been given four hominin craniums and are asked to develop a new classification system. Using cranium size, the robustness of the cheek bones and brow ridges, and the prognathism of the face, how would you categorize these four skulls into species? Would you categorize all four of them as belonging to the same genus? Two geneses? Three geneses? Four geneses? Do you believe any of them are the same species? Explain how you would categorize these four specimens. Explain what features you used to categorize these specimens. (Use complete sentences. Minimum of 4 sentences.)arrow_forwardDescribe how changes in the ladybugs'environment may influence their survival and/or reproduction. Make sure to use the vocabulary terms adaptation, natural selection, and polymorphic.arrow_forward1. Contrast homology and analogy. Give an example of homoplasy. 2. Discuss adaptation and preadaptation. 3. Compare and contrast divergent, convergent, parallel, and organic evolution. 4. What is a vestigial structure? A rudimentary structure? 5. Describe heterochrony – specifically paedogenesis, neoteny, and paedomorphosis.arrow_forward
- Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the argument that humans are more evolutionarily related to fish than they are to insects? All these organisms require oxygen to survive. The earliest fish fossils are found in the lowest strata of sedimentary rocks, followed by insects, and then humans. The early stages of embryo development in fish and humans look strikingly similar while insects develop very differently compared to both fish and humans. Fossils of ancient fish and human ancestors have been discovered in the same sedimentary rock layers.arrow_forwardHow, specifically, is the concept of ALLOMETRY relevant to the phylogenetic position of Homo floresiensis? Because if allometry explains the anatomy of Homo floresiensis then we can conclude that it is not separate species but instead a member of our species. Although most mammals on islands go through a process of getting smaller, Homo floresiensis evolved from a smaller ancestor to be bigger, meaning that allometry is an important factor. Mutations in the allometry allele are associated with many of the characteristics of Homo floresiensis. Because Homo floresiensis is so much smaller than other members of the genus Homo, it is important to determine how shape changes associated with smaller size impacted the species. Because Homo floresiensis had both small- and large-bodied forms, variation within the species is in large part dictated by allometry.arrow_forwardImagine you are a paleontologist trying to find the “missing link” between different species. In three to five sentences, create a fictional narrative about your discoveries, describing: 1) what two species, mythical or real, you are studying, 2) what evidence you have linking these species, and 3) what evidence you have to define different correlations and causations that support your hypothesis.arrow_forward
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