BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 20, Problem 1S
In Trinidadian guppies a combination of elegant laboratory and field experiments builds a very compelling case for predator-induced evolutionary changes in color and life history traits. It is still possible, although not likely, that there are other differences between the sites above and below the falls aside from whether predators are present. What additional studies could strengthen the interpretation of the results?
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Results of a study on local adaptation of color patterns in snakes show the
frequency of different color patterns of water snakes of Lake Erie (Nerodia sipedon)
found on the mainland shores and scattered islands within the lake. Type A snakes
are unbanded, Type D is strongly banded, and Types B and C are intermediates.
Given that natural selection favors unbanded snakes on the islands, how can you
account for the presence/perpetuation of banded snakes on the islands?
100
Percentage
80 N=63
60
40
20
0
ABCD
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mainland
N=64
A B C D
Peninsular
mainland
N=16
ABCD
Kelleys Island
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Bass complex
islands
N=188
L
ABCD
Middle and Pelee
islands
O Natural selection favors unbanded snakes on the mainland.
O Snakes on the islands represent a case of the so-called founder effect.
O Natural selection favors banded snakes on the mainland, which occasionally migrate to the
islands.
O Mutation rates converting unbanded alleles to a banded form operate at high frequencies
on islands.
Answer the following:
This spectacular animal is a Lesser Bird of Paradise, Paradisea minor, from the highlands of Papua New Guinea. In the context of various evolutionary phenomena, why do you suppose:
(a) This bird is confined to New Guinea and two nearby islands? Why would you not expect to find it in the mountains of Borneo? Explain in detail.
(b) This spectacular tail presumably attracts predators; why hasn't natural selection acted to reduce it or camouflage it? Explain in detail.
Consider the data that are summarised in the figure
i. The data in part (a) are consistent with the hypothesis that alarm calling only in female black-tailed prairie dogs evolved in accordance with kin selection.
ii. On the basis of the data in part (a), male black-tailed prairie dogs without kin in their home coteries almost are as likely (i.e., within 10%) to produce alarm calls as are female black-tailed prairie dogs with kin in their home coteries.iii. On the basis of the data in the figure, males and females produce alarm calls more often when the kin that they live with are offspring than when the kin that they live with are parents and siblings.iv. On the basis of the data in part (b), alarm calls in black-tailed prairie dogs constitute merely parental care (i.e., rather than altruism).v. On the basis of the data in part (b), mean alarm calling percentage is greater for male black-tailed prairie dogs than for female black-tailed prairie dogs.
Question 2 options:…
Chapter 20 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 20.1 - Define evolution and population genetics.Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.2 - Explain the HardyWeinberg principle.Ch. 20.2 - Describe the characteristics of a population that...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 20.3 - Define the five processes that can cause...Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 20.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.4 - Demonstrate how the success of different...
Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 20.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 20.6 - Define frequency-dependent selection, oscillating...Ch. 20.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.7 - Define and contrast disruptive, directional, and...Ch. 20.7 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.8 - Explain how experiments can be used to test...Ch. 20.9 - Prob. 1LOCh. 20.9 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.10 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20 - If all white cats died, what proportion of the...Ch. 20 - Assuming that the values on the x-axis represent...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3DACh. 20 - Prob. 4DACh. 20 - Examine the index of copper tolerance on nonmine...Ch. 20 - Prob. 6DACh. 20 - Why are rare alleles particularly likely to be...Ch. 20 - Prob. 2IQCh. 20 - Prob. 3IQCh. 20 - Prob. 4IQCh. 20 - Prob. 5IQCh. 20 - Prob. 6IQCh. 20 - Prob. 7IQCh. 20 - Prob. 8IQCh. 20 - Prob. 9IQCh. 20 - Assortative mating a. affects genotype frequencies...Ch. 20 - When the environment changes from year to year and...Ch. 20 - Many factors can limit the ability of natural...Ch. 20 - Stabilizing selection differs from directional...Ch. 20 - Founder effects and bottlenecks are a. expected...Ch. 20 - Relative fitness a. refers to the survival rate of...Ch. 20 - For natural selection to result in evolutionary...Ch. 20 - Prob. 8UCh. 20 - In a population of red (dominant allele) or white...Ch. 20 - Genetic drift and natural selection can both lead...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3ACh. 20 - Prob. 4ACh. 20 - In Trinidadian guppies a combination of elegant...Ch. 20 - On large, black lava flows in the deserts of the...Ch. 20 - Based on a consideration of how strong artificial...
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- David Hills of Baylor University noted that three closely related species of leopard frog (genus Rana) exhibit substantialbut not completepostzygotic reproductive isolation when crossed in the laboratory. Field surveys of numerous populations in Texas and surrounding states revealed that populations of the three species breed at various times during the year. Data on the breeding schedule of both allopatric and sympatric populations of these species are presented in the Figure below. Interpret the data in the figure and explain how they may demonstrate that these frogs experience prezygotic reproductive isolation in nature. What type of prezygotic reproductive isolation do the data suggest? Source: D.M. Hillis. 1981. Premating isolating mechanisms among three species of the Rana pipiens complex in Texas and southern Oklahoma. Copeia 1981:312-319.arrow_forwardOn many remote islands in the Pacific, there are endemic species of wingless insects that apparently have evolved from winged ancestral species that colonized the island in the distant past. For this example, describe the conditions which must have been met in order for winglessness to have evolved, the means by which winglessness was able to increase in frequency in the population, and the mode of selection that must have taken place within this population. Your answer to this question must define and use terminology appropriate to a discussion of evolution.arrow_forwardIn birds of paradise that populate tropical rainforest ecosystems, bright colored beaks and feathers are commonly found. These phenotypes continue to persist, even though brightly colored birds are more easily seen by predators. Which of the following would best describe the reason behind the persistence of these phenotypes in birds of paradise?arrow_forward
- What data would suggest that a species evolutionary history includes sexual selection as a mechanism that helped shape the species? If males and females are significantly different from each other (sexual dimporphism) If males and females form different social groups (i.e. herds are formed from either males or females but not both) If some males reproduce with multiple females while other males do not reproduce If males engage in "risky" behaviorarrow_forward(c) The Figure given below shows a population of guppies, living in an aquatic environment with coarse gravel, previous to (A) and then several generations after the introduction of a predator (B). Figure 2: Phenotypic presentation of guppies, pre- (A) and post- (B) introduction to predatory fish Explain, with the appropriate diagram, which type of natural selection is evident in this guppy population and why this adaptation is advantageous to the guppy.arrow_forwardBased on (MS-LS4-4) standard(grade8) - Mathematical Representations of Natural Selection: Most scientists think that a small group of finches colonized the Galápagos Islands thousands of years ago. They would have been the only seed-eating birds on the islands. Suppose one island was very dry and another had plentiful rainfall. Q)How would the finch populations on these islands change over time? Reference to the evidence from data (pictures of Data Set C - Galapagos Islands Finch - 25cm Average Rainfall and Data Set C - Galapagos Islands Finches - Rainfall Effect are attached) and reasoning to support your claim to support your claim. Kindly use also examples outside of the prompt and vocabulary for explanation.arrow_forward
- PINE TREE NEEDLES Variation among members of a population can lead to natural selection, but only if two conditions are met: First, the trait must be relevant to an individual's survival and/or reproductive rate. Second, variation in this trait must be heritable, that is, at least partly controlled by genes. a. How might you design an experiment to determine the importance of needle length in determining survival and reproduction? b. How might you test the extent to which needle length is heritable?arrow_forwardThis figure can be used to represent the sequence of events leading to the evolution of dark-furred mouse populations living on lava flows in the southwest. Which statement is false when considering evolution of these pocket mice? The different size hexagons represent neighboring populations. The color change in the smaller hexagon indicates the phenotypic divergence due to natural selection. Darker fur is due to environmental conditions on the lava flow, like the intensity of UV radiation. Natural selection favored the darker fur, which increased the frequency of mutated alleles in the population. Timearrow_forwardAs you know chimpanzees in neighboring groups in the forest show 4-5 times as much genetic difference as any two human populations. Is it reasonable to expect that trait that show genetic variation in humans, such as the structure of the hand and the brain, might show significant variation between chimpanzee populations? Why or why not?arrow_forward
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