Loose Leaf For Explorations: Introduction To Astronomy
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781260432145
Author: Thomas T Arny, Stephen E Schneider Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 2, Problem 4P
To determine
The linear diameter of the great galaxy in Andromeda.
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On a 1-to-10^19 scale our Milky Way galaxy would just about fit on a soccer field. On this scale, how far is the distance from the sun to alpha centauri (one of the closest stars to the sun, at a distance of 4.4 light years).
For a circular velocity profile of the type (r) = ar¹/9, where a is a constant and r is the radial distance from the centre of a spiral galaxy, find the ratio
K(r)/(r), where K(r) is the epicyclic frequency and 2(r) is the angular velocity. Enter your answer to 2 decimal places.
Our galaxy is approximately 100,000 light years in diameter and 2,000 light years thick through the plane of the galaxy. If we were to compare the ratio of the diameter galaxy and its thickness to the ratio of the diameter of a CD and its thickness (CD has a diameter of 12 cm and thickness of 0.6 mm), what would be the factor differentiating those ratios? Put differently, if the galaxy were scaled down to the diameter of a CD, how many times thicker or thinner would the galaxy be than the CD? (For example if it would be twice as thick, you would answer 2 and if it were twice as thin you would answer 0.5 (aka 1/2))
Chapter 2 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Explorations: Introduction To Astronomy
Ch. 2 - (2.1) List some observational evidence that Earth...Ch. 2 - (2.1) What is meant by the phrase angular...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3QFRCh. 2 - Prob. 4QFRCh. 2 - Where on the celestial sphere would you look for...Ch. 2 - Sketch the path on the sky that a planet makes...Ch. 2 - Will a planet in retrograde motion rise in the...Ch. 2 - Contrast the geocentric and heliocentric models.Ch. 2 - What are the three laws of planetary motion?Ch. 2 - How does astrology differ from astronomy?
Ch. 2 - Describe the major astronomical contribution(s) of...Ch. 2 - (2.1) Explain why the Moons angular size is...Ch. 2 - (2.1) Suppose the stars were very much closer than...Ch. 2 - (2.2/2.3) Tycho argued that the Sun orbits Earth...Ch. 2 - Prob. 4TQCh. 2 - Prob. 5TQCh. 2 - You may have noticed that although every 10 years...Ch. 2 - Describe how modern astrophysics differs from...Ch. 2 - Prob. 8TQCh. 2 - A small probe is exploring a spherical asteroid....Ch. 2 - Prob. 2PCh. 2 - Prob. 3PCh. 2 - Prob. 4PCh. 2 - Suppose a planet is found with an orbital period...Ch. 2 - Prob. 6PCh. 2 - Prob. 7PCh. 2 - Suppose that future observations with a new...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1TYCh. 2 - A planet in retrograde motion (a) rises in the...Ch. 2 - Ockhams razor refers to (a) a device used by the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 4TYCh. 2 - Prob. 5TYCh. 2 - Galileo used his observations of the changing...Ch. 2 - A major objection to the heliocentric model not...Ch. 2 - Do we see the same constellations today as ancient...Ch. 2 - What are right ascension and declination?Ch. 2 - Prob. 3EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 4EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 5EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 6EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 7EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 8EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 9EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 10EQFRCh. 2 - Prob. 1ETQCh. 2 - Prob. 2ETQCh. 2 - Considering the orbits in figure E1.8, where would...Ch. 2 - Prob. 4ETQCh. 2 - Prob. 1ETYCh. 2 - As a star rises and moves across the sky, which of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3ETYCh. 2 - Prob. 4ETYCh. 2 - Prob. 5ETYCh. 2 - Prob. 6ETYCh. 2 - Prob. 7ETY
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- For a circular velocity profile of the type (r) = αν ar³/6, where a is a constant and is the radial distance from the centre of a spiral galaxy, find the ratio (r)/(r), where (r) is the epicyclic frequency and 2(r) is the angular velocity. Enter your answer to 2 decimal places.arrow_forwardFor a circular velocity profile of the type (r) = ar¹ ar1/9, where a is a constant and r is the radial distance from the centre of a spiral galaxy, find the ratio (r)/(r), where (r) is the epicyclic frequency and 2(r) is the angular velocity. Enter your answer to 2 decimal places.arrow_forwardRecall that Hubble’s Law is given by V=HR; this means that H has units of inverse seconds (1/sec). A convenient laboratory set of units is to give H in km per sec per megaparsec. A parsec is 3.26 light years and the speed of light is 3 X 105 km/sec. Use 3.156 X 107 sec/yr. The first data off the then new Hubble Space telescope suggested a value of H equal to 108 km per sec per megaparsec. What is H in inverse seconds? Hint divide by the number of km in a megaparsec.arrow_forward
- A volume in space is exactly 1.00 pc3. Conversion from parsec to meters is 1 pc= 3.086 x 1016 m. How many cubic meters are contained in one cubic parsec?arrow_forwardRecent findings in astrophysics suggest that the observable universe can be modeled as a sphere of radius R=13.7x109 light-years=13.0 x 1025m with an average total mass density of about 1x10-26 kg/m3 Only about 4% of total mass is due to “ordinary” matter (such as protons, neutrons, and electrons). Estimate how much ordinary matter (in kg) there is in the observable universe. (For the light-year, see Problem 19.)arrow_forwardThe difference in absolute magnitude between two objects at the same distance is related to their fluxes by the flux-magnitude relation. FA FB = 2.51(MB − MA) A distant galaxy contains a type I classical Cepheid whose period results in an absolute magnitude estimate of −6.3. If this star were placed next to our Sun (M = +4.8) and you observed them both from the same distance, how much more flux would the Cepheid emit than the Sun? FCepheid FSun = If a galaxy contains a supernova that at its brightest has an apparent magnitude of +11, how far away is the galaxy? Assume that the absolute magnitude of the supernova is −18. Hint: Use the magnitude-distance formula: d = 10(mV − MV + 5)/5 . The hydrogen Balmer line H? has a wavelength of 486.1 nm. It is shifted to 559.7 nm in a quasar's spectrum. What is the redshift of this quasar? (Hint: What is Δ??)arrow_forward
- How many galaxies like our own would it take if they were placed edge-to-edge to reach the nearest galaxy? (Hint: See Problems 11 and 12.)arrow_forwardThe nearest neutron star (a collated star made primarily of neutrons) is about 3.00 1018 m away from Earth. Given that the Milky Way galaxy (Fig. P1.81) is roughly a disk of diameter 1021 m and thickness 1019 m, estimate the number of neutron stars in the Milky Way to the nearest order of magnitude. Figure P1.81arrow_forwardThe nearest neutron star (a collated star made primarily of neutrons) is about 3.00 1018 m away from Earth. Given that the Milky Way galaxy (Fig. P1.81) is roughly a disk of diameter 1021 m and thickness 1019 m, estimate the number of neutron stars in the Milky Way to the nearest order of magnitude. Figure P1.81arrow_forward
- Earth is about 150 million kilometers from the Sun (1 Astronomical Unit, or AU), and the apparent brightness of the Sun in our sky is about 1300 watts/m^2. Using these two facts and the inverse square law for light, determine the apparent brightness that we would measure for the Sun if we were located at the following positions. a) At the orbit of Venus (67 million km from the Sun). b) At the orbit of Jupiter (780 million km from the Sun). c) At the mean distance of Pluto (40 Astronomical Units).arrow_forwardThe nearest star to our sun is Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light-years from the Sun. A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year (365 days). How far away, in kilometers, is Proxima Centauri from the Sun?Express your answer using two significant figures.arrow_forwardgiven: a (distance to center of galaxy in AU) = 1,717,914,439 AU P (suns orbital period in years) = 203,782,828.3 years M (mass of milky way galaxy in solar masses) = 1.22 x 10^11 Msun Question: Assume the Milky Way Galaxy is made up entirely of stars like the Sun, i.e. on average each star has the mass of 1 MSun. Under this assumption, approximately how many stars are there in our galaxy? Express this answer in billions of stars (1 billion = 109).arrow_forward
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