Microbiology: A Systems Approach
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259706615
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 2, Problem 3CTQ
Plant cell walk are composed of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate exhibiting a unique bond between its glucose subunits. Provide an explanation for the fact that humans cannot digest fruits and vegetables at an efficient level.
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Fatty acids from stored triacylglycerols (fat) are not available for gluconeogenesis. Speculate why we do not have the enzymes to directly convert fatty acids into glucose. Plants (especially seeds) do have enzymes to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. Why are they so lucky?
Consider ten glucose molecules that enter a cell. How many ATP can be generated by the complete catabolism of these into CO2 and H2O? If all ten are first incorporated into glycogen, liberated from glycogen, and then fully catabolized into CO2 and H2O, does the ATP tally increase, decrease or stay the same? Consider that 1 UTP = 1 ATP. Explain. Describe the processes which produce ATP and provide a balanced equation of glucose, CO2, H2O and O2
One example of a stage 2 reaction in the heterotrophic breakdown of food molecules is:
the extracellular digestion of amylopectin into glucose monomers
the intramitochondrial digestion of fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water
the intracellular digestion of glucose monomers into pyruvate
the extracellular digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
the extracellular digestion of polypeptides into amino acids
Identify the three-carbon glycolysis intermediate which can be formed, in the cytoplasm, in one enzymatic step (during deamination of the amino acid alanine)?
pyruvate
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
fructose
glucose-6-phosphate
glucose
Chapter 2 Solutions
Microbiology: A Systems Approach
Ch. 2.1 - Explain the relationship between atoms and...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2AYPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 3AYPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 4AYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 2.2 - Provide examples of cell components made from each...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 2.2 - Name the nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA.Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 2.3 - Recall three characteristics common to all cells.Ch. 2 - The smallest unit of matter with unique...Ch. 2 - The ____ charge of a proton is exactly balanced by...Ch. 2 - Electrons move around the nucleus of an atom in...Ch. 2 - Bonds in which atoms share electrons are defined...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 2 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 2 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 2 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 2 - DNA is a hereditary molecule that is composed of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 2 - Prob. 11TFCh. 2 - Prob. 12TFCh. 2 - Prob. 13TFCh. 2 - Prob. 14TFCh. 2 - Membranes are mainly composed of macromolecules...Ch. 2 - Support or refute the following statement: Double...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 2 - Plant cell walk are composed of cellulose, a...Ch. 2 - Compare and contrast the kinds of chemical bonding...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5CTQCh. 2 - Prob. 1VCCh. 2 - Prob. 1CM
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- How does the presence of α-bonds versus β-bonds influence the digestibility of glucose polymers by humans? Hint: There are two effects.arrow_forwardOne example of a stage 1 reaction in the heterotrophic breakdown of food molecules is: the intramitochondrial digestion of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water the intramitochondrial digestion of fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water the extracellular digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol the intracellular digestion of some amino acids into NH4+ and pyruvate the intracellular digestion of glucose monomers into pyruvatearrow_forwardOne example of a stage 3 reaction in the heterotrophic breakdown of food molecules is: the intramitochondrial digestion of fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water the intracellular digestion of glucose monomers into pyruvate the intracellular digestion of some amino acids into NH4+ and pyruvate the extracellular digestion of polypeptides into amino acids the extracellular digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerolarrow_forward
- Trans-fatty acids are synthetic forms of fatty acids made from altered unsaturated fatty acids. Trans-fatty acids are denser, solid at room temperature, and store more energy in the same unit of volume than unsaturated fatty acids. The production of trans-fatty acids involves the reorientation of one of the hydrogen atoms attached to a double-bonded car- bon atom, as illustrated in the figure below. unsaturated fatty acid OHHHHH HOC CCCC-c II I I HHHH trans-fatty acid |||| Molecular model of an unsaturated and trans-fatty acid Based on the structures shown above, H -C-C-C-C-C-H HHHHH TTTTT !!!!! HHHHH OHHHHH | ! ! ! ! ! HO-C-C-C-C-c-c IIII HHHH H HHHHH H HH III C-C-C-H I (a) Identify one property of all fatty acids. (b) Describe one of the functions of fatty acids in living systems. (c) Explain how the reorientation of the hydrogen atom as shown in the image allows the trans- fatty acids to be denser and solid at room temperature. Respond to each part in 3 to 5 complete sentences.arrow_forwardWhich of the following fatty acids, if incorporated into a typical eukaryotic membrane phospholipid, would be the most likely to increase that membrane's fluidity? arachidonic acid with 20 carbons and two carbon-to-carbon double bonds stearic acid, with 18 carbons and no carbon-to-carbon double bonds None of the above arachidonic acid with 20 carbons and three carbon-to-carbon double bondsarrow_forwardWhy does the lack of glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the brain and muscle make good physiological sense? Glucose 6-phosphatase allows cells to trap glucose in the cell; however, these tissues primarily rely on noncarbohydrate energy sources. Glucose 6-phosphatase allows cells to generate glucose through gluconeogenesis; however, gluconeogenesis only takes place in the liver. Glucose 6-phosphatase allows cells to release glucose into the blood; however, these tissues should never release glucose. Glucose 6-phosphatase provides glucose 6-phosphate for glycogen synthesis; however, these tissues do not need glycogen.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about sugar polymers and glycosaminoglycans is/are true? Glucosamine, an amino sugar, would be positively charged physiologically unless it is part of an amide bond. Chitin is a homopolymer of GlcNac in beta 1--> 4 linkages. Amylose is a homopolymer of glucose containing alpha 1--> 6 linkages. Amylopectin in a non-reducing sugar polymer consisting solely of glucose monomers. Agarose is a highly charged sugar polymer used in electrophoresis. A core of hyaluronan protein is linked to an aggrecan polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix around joints and tendons. Mucins are secreted proteins that contain branched oligosaccharides linked to serine residues. None of the options shown is true. The glycosaminoglycan "hyaluronic acid" would carry more negative charge overall when compared to a polymer of "chondroitin" of the same length. Please answer very soon will give rating surely Complete Answer neededarrow_forwardThe energy for the production of ATP comes from the breakdown of a glucose molecule via many enzyme-mediated chemical reactions occurring at several distinct stages of cellular respiration. During this time, the chemical energy stored in glucose is continually trans- ferred across these reactions. Which of the following describes the form in which most of the energy from the glucose molecule is stored just before the oxidative phosphorylation stage in aerobic cellular respiration? A B с D acetyl CoA FADH 2 NADH pyruvatearrow_forwardCarbon dioxide is considered to be a "waste" product of cellular respiration. Yet, there are still electrons, in the bonds between the C and O atoms. Provide an explanation as to why the electrons in these covalent bonds of CO2 are not good for "harvesting" and putting into the ETC, unlike all the other bonds that were in the original glucose molecule.arrow_forward
- Describe the process by which a fatty acid such aspalmitate (a C16 straight-chain saturated fatty acid) issynthesized in a cell.arrow_forwardCompare the cellular energy (e.g. ATP) required and produced when glycogen is synthesize and hydrolyzed, respectively. Do the same for a molecular of triglyceride that contains three palmitoyl chains. Which seems to be the better way to store energy? Explain.arrow_forwardStarting with a 4-carbon growing fatty acid attached to the ketoacyl synthase (KSase) site, and a malonate attached to the malonyl transferase (MTase) site in an animal fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme complex, draw the next reactions/events that result in the extension and processing of the fatty acid by two more carbons to make the saturated 6-carbon fatty acid.arrow_forward
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