Concept explainers
CJ The numbers of homicides in five U.S. states and five Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2012 are presented in two accompanying tables.
a. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 populations for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homicide rates in each year? Which society seems to have the higher homicide rate? Write a paragraph describing these results?
b. Using the rates you calculated in part a, calculate the percent change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and each province. Which states and provinces had the largest increase and decrease? Which society seems to have the largest change in homicide rates? Summarize your results in a paragraph.
State | 1997 | 2012 | ||
Homicides | Population | Homicides | Population | |
New Jersey | 338 | 8,053,000 | 388 | 8,864,590 |
Iowa | 52 | 2,852,000 | 45 | 3,074,186 |
Alabama | 426 | 4,139,000 | 342 | 4,882,023 |
Texas | 1327 | 19,439,000 | 1144 | 26,059,203 |
California | 2579 | 32,268,000 | 1884 | 38,041,430 |
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/4tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_4_crime_in_the_united_states_by_region_geographic_division_and_state_2011-2012.xls
Province | 1997 | 2012 | ||
Homicides | Population | Homicides | Population | |
Nova Scotia | 24 | 936,100 | 17 | 945,100 |
Quebec | 132 | 7,323,600 | 108 | 8,043,600 |
Ontario | 178 | 11,387,400 | 162 | 13,490,500 |
Manitoba | 31 | 1,137,900 | 52 | 1,274,100 |
British Columbia | 116 | 3,997,100 | 71 | 4,678,100 |
Source: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/legal12a-eng.htm
a)
To calculate:
The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.
Answer to Problem 2.4P
Solution:
The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:
State | 1997 | 2012 |
Rate | Homicides | |
New Jersey | ||
Iowa | ||
Alabama | ||
Texas | ||
California |
In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.
Province | 1997 | 2012 |
Homicides | Homicides | |
Nova Scotia | ||
Quebec | ||
Ontario | ||
Manitoba | ||
British Columbia |
In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.
By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.
Explanation of Solution
Formula Used:
Rate =
For State:
For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:
Rate =
Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,
State | 1997 | 2012 |
Rate | Homicides | |
New Jersey | ||
Iowa | ||
Alabama | ||
Texas | ||
California |
For Province:
For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:
Rate =
Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,
Province | 1997 | 2012 |
Homicides | Homicides | |
Nova Scotia | ||
Quebec | ||
Ontario | ||
Manitoba | ||
British Columbia |
In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.
In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.
By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.
b)
To calculate:
The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province
Answer to Problem 2.4P
Solution:
State | Percent Change |
New Jersey | |
Iowa | |
Alabama | |
Texas | |
California |
State | Percent Change |
Nova Scotia | |
Quebec | |
Ontario | |
Manitoba | |
British Columbia |
The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.
Explanation of Solution
Formula Used:
The formula of percent change is:
Here,
Now, for the state New Jersey,
The percent change is
Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,
State | Percent Change |
New Jersey | |
Iowa | |
Alabama | |
Texas | |
California |
Now, for the province Nova Scotia,
The percent change is
Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,
State | Percent Change |
Nova Scotia | |
Quebec | |
Ontario | |
Manitoba | |
British Columbia |
The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.
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