(a)
Interpretation:
The performance of chloroplast ATP synthase in the presence of DDT alone and DDT+ with thioredoxin present should be monitored.
Concept introduction:
DDT stands for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. This prevents the complete repolarization of mitochondria. High concentrations of DDT leads to the destruction of the structural integrity of mitochondria.
Thioredoxin is a class of small redox proteins, which acts as a redox signal in organisms.
(b)
Interpretation:
The graphical behavior of control enzyme and modified enzyme when DDT concentration increased along the x-axis should be monitored.
Concept introduction:
DDT which stands for Dithiothreitol is a reducing agent which is found in biological systems.
(c)
Interpretation:
The graphical behavior of modified enzyme which thioredoxin present and absent should be observed.
Concept introduction:
Thioredoxin & DDT are reducing agents known to be present in
(d)
Interpretation:
Overall four graphs should be monitored.
Concept introduction:
This experiment is planned to determine the responsible sub unit for the difference in ATPase activity in Chloroplast & Mitochondria.
(e)
Interpretation:
The biological process limited only to plants should be considered.
Concept introduction:
The biological process which is unique to plants is photosynthesis. It is the process of converting of the energy in sun light to chemical energy.
(f)
Interpretation:
For this part twenty amino acids with its structures should be considered.
Concept introduction:
Amino acid is the primary unit of protein. It has four groups as carbonyl group (- COOH),
(g)
Interpretation:
Experiments related to prove reducing ability of cysteine should be mentioned.
Concept introduction:
Reducing agents has the ability to reduce. It is the capability to capture electrons in the medium.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
BIOCHEMISTRY
- Reductive power. What ratio of NADPH to NADP+ is required to sustain [GSH] = 10 mM and [GSSG] = 1 mM ? Use the redox potentials given in Table 18.1 .arrow_forwardAtp bookkeeping. Explain where the number of 38 and 32 atp per glucose molecules comes fromarrow_forwardLess energetic electrons. Why are electrons carried by FADH 2 not as energy rich as those carried by NADH? What is the consequence of this difference?arrow_forward
- Just obeying the laws. Why do isolated F1F1 subunits of ATP synthase de catalyze ATP hydrolysis?arrow_forwardgeneration of one less FADH2 molecule. Part C B-oxidation dealls with only saturated fatty acids, but many fatty acids in natural lipids are unsaturated, meaning they contain one or more double bonds. Considering the fatty acid below, calculate the energy yield of its complete oxidation. OH Express your answer using three significant figures. ▸ View Available Hint(s) ΑΣΦ + 0 ? Submit ATParrow_forwardLong explanations are NOT NEEDED. Answer only d and e. ATP accounting. Consider 1 molecule of the sucrose (monomeric units: glucose and fructose) that will undergo complete oxidation. -Number of pyruvate molecules after glycolysis is 4.-Net ATP produced in glycolysis only (via substrate-level phosphorylation) is 2.-Number of NADH produced using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction is 1. Now find:d. Number of NADH and FADH2 produced from Krebs cycle.e. Net ATP produced (complete oxidation via Malate aspartate shuttle).arrow_forward
- 7. Flow of carbon atoms. What is the fate of the radioac- tive label when each of the following compounds is added to a cell extract containing the enzymes and cofac- tors of the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? (The ¹4C label is printed in red.) (a) (c) H3C H3C O C. O C. COO COO- (b) (d) H3C H₂C O C. O C. (e) Glucose 6-phosphate labeled at C-1. COO™ S-COAarrow_forward70 gram lactose working under aerobic conditions. First calculate the total amount of energy units (ATP, GTP, FADH2, NADH) obtained from its degradation to CO2 and H2O. Convert this value to total ATP units.Show your work in detail at each reaction step. Which energy units are obtained after each reaction step.arrow_forwardHelp is appreciated. Think of an unusual eukaryotic species in which its ATP synthase has 12 subunits for its c ring. How many ATP molecules can be produced per pair of electrons that traverse the respiratory chian starting at Complex I? A. 2 ATP/2e- B. 1 ATP/2e- C. 0.5 ATP/2e- D. 1.5 ATP/2e- E. 3 ATP/2e-arrow_forward
- Chemiosmosis. ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is usually light dependent; it does not happen in the dark. When researchers shifted isolated chloroplasts from a low pH solution to a more alkaline (higher pH) solution, ATP synthesis occurred even in the absence of light! This was an experiment used to support the chemiosmosis mechanism of ATP formation in chloroplasts. Why? What would happen if the isolated chloroplasts were shifted to a lower pH solution? What would be the results if the above experiments were performed in the presence of light? If these experiments were performed in mitochondria instead of chloroplasts, what results would we expect?arrow_forwardChemical energy. The diagram below shows a metabolic pathway that occurs in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) ADP + P₁ carbon dioxide (CO₂) 1 X HINEW ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCo) glucose triose phosphate (TP) State two features of metabolic pathways? two key features of metabolic pathways glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) are their -X ADP + P₁ interconnectednearrow_forwardSmall explanation please. what is a product in the first stage of the Q- cycle? a. two electrons b. Q- cation c. cyt c (oxidized) d. two more protons in the matrix e. Q- radical anionarrow_forward
BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning