Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134765037
Author: Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19, Problem 10IMT
Life history traits, like anatomical features, are shaped by trade-offs that balance the demands of reproduction and survival, both of which determine fitness.
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Which of the following is true about fitness?
a) It refers to the physical strength of an individual
b) It is determined solely by an individual's genotype
c) It is the same thing as survival
d) It is the ability of an individual to reproduce and pass on its genes to the next generation
Which of the following statements about the theories of senescence is correct?
Question 2 options:
The reason why organisms become old and decrepit is because an individual would often have accumulated too much energy in its lifetime in the form of fat reserve; therefore, an older individual often dies from old-age related diseases.
An allele that shows its deleterious effect later in life will always have a smaller impact on an organism's fitness than an allele that shows its deleterious effect early in life. Therefore, late-acting deleterious mutations can be fixed in the population, resulting in shortened lifespans.
The allele that can result in early reproduction will always be selected for, even if it comes with a cost of earlier senescence.
Typically, for species that live fast would usually die young.
None of the above
Your friend remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; as a result, its offspring inherited longer necks” Which statement is the best response to correct your friend’s misconception?
Group of answer choices
Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival.
Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes to its offspring.
Only favorable adaptations have survival value.
Chapter 19 Solutions
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Ch. 19 - What two values would you need to know to figure...Ch. 19 - If members of a species produce a large number of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3SQCh. 19 - Prob. 4SQCh. 19 - Prob. 5SQCh. 19 - Prob. 6SQCh. 19 - According to data on ecological footprints, a. the...Ch. 19 - The mussel secretes a combination of molecules...Ch. 19 - The lynx is one of the main predators of the...Ch. 19 - Life history traits, like anatomical features, are...
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- Termites are a diploid eusocial species in which a colony's queen and king produce both sons and daughters through sexual reproduction. What evolutionary reasons may explain why workers forgo reproduction unless the king or queen dies? O Workers have a higher direct fitness than kings and queens. Workers that leave the home colony are unlikely to establish a new colony. O Workers increase their indirect fitness by contributing to the survival of their siblings. O Workers are more closely related to their siblings than they are to their own offspring.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the degree of an organism’s adaptation to an environment, as measured by an individual’s relative genetic contribution to future generations? Fitness Lineage Adaptationarrow_forwardWhy does natural selection have little effect on senescence? Genes that cause senescence have no variants because they became fixed early in evolutionary history. Low-calorie diets, which may not affect offspring, cause individuals to go through senescence. Reproduction generally occurs before senescence genes begin to produce harmful effects on fitness. Senescence is a result of getting older and is not controlled by genes that can be inherited.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about the grandmother hypothesis is correct? This is a hypothesis used to explain why grandmothers tend to live longer than grandfathers. For this hypothesis to work, a grandmother will need to have an antagonistic pleiotropic mutation that extends her lifespan but also lessens her physical activities. Because grandmothers are older, so they tend to contribute less in a family. That is, grandmothers are usually a drain of resources for a family. The evolution of monthly menstrual cycle in human females is seen as an example explained by the grandmother hypothesis. None of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT a valid evolutionary explanation for why aging (or senescence) happens? Selected answer will be automatically saved. For keyboard navigation, press up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a b с d Alleles that reduce survival late in life, after most individuals have reproduced, will have a smaller effect on fitness than alleles that affect survival or reproduction early in life. Alleles that affect survival or reproduction early in life will have a smaller effect on fitness than alleles that reduce survival late in life. Alleles that increase reproductive rates early in life sometimes have trade-offs that reduce later survival. 2 Many deaths of younger individuals are due to causes unrelated to life history such as predation, reducing the effects that aging has on fitness.arrow_forwardWhich of the following BEST describes the relationship between genotype, phenotype, traits, and the environment? O Organisms acquire traits during their lifetime that alter their phenotype. This allows individuals to better adapt to their surroundings, and to pass on their phenotypes to their offspring regardless of their genes. An organism's phenotype is largely determined by its genes, or genotype. The relationship between an organism's phenotype and its environment determines the frequency of traits in a population. O The relationship between an organism's environment and its genotype determines the type of phenotype it will develop. Phenotypes are largely determined by the environment and organisms display traits that are unrelated to their genes.arrow_forward
- List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. (Life necessities: energy, evolutionary adaptation, grow/develop, reproduce, respond to environment, regulation to maintain homeostasis, order)arrow_forwardAccording to the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis of aging, we tradeoff survivorship later in life for elevated reproduction early in life we tradeoff reproduction later in life for elevated survivorship early in life we evenly invest in survivorship and reproduction throughout lifearrow_forwardOrganisms Evolve true or false?arrow_forward
- Which of the following are arguments against the expression "survival of the fittest"? Choose all that apply. (1, 2, 3, or 4 could be correct) "Fittest" implies absolute fitness, when relative fitness of one genotype compared to others is more important "Fittest" makes it sound like it is about physical fitness, when whether an individual reproduces may depend on other traits "Fittest" makes it sound like an individual will be fit in all environments, when in reality the same genotype may have different fitness in different environments Reproduction is more important than survival for transmitting genetic differences to progenyarrow_forwardTrue or false: Natural selection, in general, references variation in survival and reproductive success in individualsarrow_forwardDescribe thoroughly the selective advantages and disadvantages organisms that reproduce sexually have over those that reproduce asexually, as well as the ramifications of mate choice on the traits present in species. The following questions could help answer the question above. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction? What are the disadvantages? How do traits selected by sexual selection and those selected by differential survival mix in an animal species? i.e. is it more important to mate or survive? Use specific examples to illustrate your point. Your answers should indicate an understanding of the mechanism behind natural selection. Propose a scenario where asexual reproduction would be favorable.arrow_forward
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