Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134296012
Author: Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 16TYK
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The feasibility of the approach of using a supertanker of iron dust in the oceans to grow more algae.
Introduction:
The growth of algae in the Southern Ocean was achieved by depositing huge reserves of metal iron on the ocean surface. The algae utilize carbon dioxide and help in the process of photosynthesis by consuming carbon dioxide. The decrease in the levels of the carbon dioxide decreases the chance of global warming.
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Explain well
The figure shows stratification of microbial layers in a Winogradsky column (a method used to simulate environments
similar to microbial mats observed in nature).
Cyanobacteria
and algae
Nonsulfur
photosynthetic
bacteria
(e.g., Rhodomicrobium)
Purple
photosynthetic
bacteria
(e.g., Chromatium)
Green
photosynthetic
bacteria
(e.g., Chlorobium)
Air
Liquid
Aerobic zone
Microaerophilic zone
(Less anaerobic)
Anaerobic zone
(More anaerobic)
Mud mixed with
sulfate and carbonate
salts and cellulose or
other organics
Most ecosystems on Earth rely on sunlight as the primary energy source for the synthesis of organic compounds that living organisms need. Sunlight does not penetrate deep enough in the ocean to provide energy for organisms living near hydrothermal vents. How can these densely populated communities survive without energy from the sun?
A. chemoheterotrophic bacteria convert organic compounds into carbon dioxide which is used by other organisms as an energy source
B. chemoautotrophic bacteria harvest chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide and then provide the basis of food for the vent communities
C. chemoheterotrophic bacteria harvest chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide and then provide the basis of food for the vent communities
D. chemoautotrophic bacteria fix nitrogen which then is used as a source of energy for other organisms
Chapter 16 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (9th Edition)
Ch. 16 - Explain how each of the following characteristics...Ch. 16 - Fill in the blanks on the phylogenetic tree (on...Ch. 16 - In terms of nutrition, autotrophs are to...Ch. 16 - A new organism has been discovered. Tests have...Ch. 16 - Which pair of protists has support structures...Ch. 16 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following prokaryotes is not...Ch. 16 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 16 - What characteristic distinguishes true...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10TYK
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- The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main component of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside an abandoned California copper mine (Figure 4.11A). F. acidarmanus cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with ironsulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. This reaction dissolves the minerals, so groundwater that seeps into the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. Despite living in an environment with a composition similar to hot battery acid, F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroplasma metabolic enzymes were surprised to discover that most of the cells enzymes function best at very low pH (Figure 4.11B). A. Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this photo, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. Slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea, Ferroplasma acidarmanus. B. pH profiles of four enzymes isolated from F. acidarmus. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What does the dashed line signify?arrow_forwardCompare photo litho autotrophy with chemo-organo heterotrophy. Sun light is the ultimate source of energy and all living organisms obtain their energy directly or indirectly from the sun. However in deep-sea vents (where there is no sun light) life has originated and the many groups of microorganisms are flourishing in such environment. How? Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardIn a population of cyanobacteria (Chlorogloeopsis fritschii) in a hot spring in Iceland, some of the bacteria can produce chlorophyll f, while some C. fritschii produce only other types of chlorophylls. Chlorophyll f absorbs light outside of the visible light spectrum, namely near infrared light, allowing the bacteria to absorb light that has not been absorbed or reflected by the water or other organisms. The ability to produce chlorophyll f is heritable, and the bacteria with chlorophyll f can live in low-light environments, such as underneath other organisms, or near the bottom of the light-penetrating zone of the spring. What is the adaptation in this population of C. fritschii living in low-light environments? (Choose one.) a) the ability to produce chlorophyll f b) the ability to produce any type of chlorophyll c) the ability to tolerate the high temperatures of the hot spring d) the ability to survive and reproducearrow_forward
- Chemolithrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of other life forms there. Explain now their role is analogous to that of photosynthetic organisms in the terrestrial environment.arrow_forwardWhy might chemosynthetic communities exist only in places like the deep-ocean floor rather than across a wide range of land and sea habitats, the way photosynthesis-based communities are?arrow_forward. The anaerobic, chemoautotrophic archaeobacterium Methanococcus jannaschii uses which of the following carbon-fixation pathways to obtain organic carbon from CO2? the Hill reaction the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway the Calvin cycle oxygenic photosynthesis the Krebs cyclearrow_forward
- Which of the four diagrams shown below correctly show the process of the carbon cycle? A) A B) B C) C D) Darrow_forward“Watermelon snow” in Antarctica is caused by a certain species of photosynthetic green algae that thrives in subzero temperatures (Chlamydomonas nivalis). These algae are also found in high-altitude, year-round snowfields. In both locations, Uv light levels tend to be high. Propose an explanation for why this alga appears reddish-pink. The question is also in the picturearrow_forwardThe anaerobic, chemoautotrophic archaeobacterium Methanococcus jannaschii uses which of the following carbon-fixation pathways to obtain organic carbon from CO2? cell bio the Hill reaction the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway the Calvin cycle oxygenic photosynthesis the Krebs cyclearrow_forward
- A scientist claims that the Presence of aquaporins is in chloroplast membrane support that Endosymbiotic theory?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about Purple Sulfur Bacteria? Choose all possible answers. found within the order Chromatiales anoxygenic phototrophs use CO2 as an electron donor for photosynthesis Examples include Cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus All of the statements are true about Purple sulfur bacteria.arrow_forwardSoil-based nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be highly vulnerable to exposure to UV radiation. Suppose that the ozone level continues to be depleted, what are the long-term effects on the planet?arrow_forward
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