Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
IUPAC name for the fumaric acid has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
For naming a
IUPAC rules for naming a carboxylic acid:
- The longest parent carbon chain is identified that includes the carboxyl group.
- The parent chain name is changed by replacing the suffix “-e” with “-oic acid”.
- Numbering is done in a way that the carboxyl group is designated as number 1. This is not indicated in the part of the name because for
aldehyde , the carboxyl carbon is always numbered 1. - The identity and location of substituents if any has to be determined and this information has to be added in front of the IUPAC name.
- If the carboxyl
functional group is attached to a ring of carbon atoms, the ring is named and “-carboxylic acid” is added as suffix. - If the compound contains two carboxyl groups, then suffix “-dioic acid” is added after the parent alkane name.
(a)
Answer to Problem 16.34EP
IUPAC name of fumaric acid is trans-butenedioic acid.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of fumaric acid is,
The longest continuous carbon chain has to be found out with the carboxyl group in it. In this it is a four carbon chain. The structure contains a double bond in it. The parent carbon chain is butene. The given structure contains two carboxyl groups. The carboxylic acid is named by adding suffix “-dioic acid”. This gives the name of carboxylic acid as butenedioic acid.
Looking for substituents it is found that there are no substituents present in the carbon chain. Stereochemistry is possible across the double bond. As the two hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of double bond, the configuration at the double bond is “trans”. This has to be included in the name to get the IUPAC name. IUPAC name of the fumaric acid is found as trans-butenedioic acid.
IUPAC name of fumaric acid is given.
(a)
Interpretation:
IUPAC name for the pyruvic acid has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
For naming a carboxylic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, the suffix “-oic” is added to the parent alkane name.
IUPAC rules for naming a carboxylic acid:
- The longest parent carbon chain is identified that includes the carboxyl group.
- The parent chain name is changed by replacing the suffix “-e” with “-oic acid”.
- Numbering is done in a way that the carboxyl group is designated as number 1. This is not indicated in the part of the name because for aldehyde, the carboxyl carbon is always numbered 1.
- The identity and location of substituents if any has to be determined and this information has to be added in front of the IUPAC name.
- If the carboxyl functional group is attached to a ring of carbon atoms, the ring is named and “-carboxylic acid” is added as suffix.
- If the compound contains two carboxyl groups, then suffix “-dioic acid” is added after the parent alkane name.
(a)
Answer to Problem 16.34EP
IUPAC name of pyruvic acid is 2-oxopropanoic acid.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of pyruvic acid is,
The longest continuous carbon chain has to be found out with the carboxyl group in it. In this it is a three carbon chain. The parent alkane is propane. The given structure contains a carboxyl group. The carboxylic acid is named by replacing the suffix “-e” with suffix “-oic acid”. This gives the name of carboxylic acid as propanoic acid.
Looking for substituents it is found that there is a keto group present on the second carbon atom. Hence, the IUPAC name of the pyruvic acid is 2-oxopropanoic acid.
IUPAC name of pyruvic acid is given.
(c)
Interpretation:
IUPAC name for the malic acid has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
For naming a carboxylic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, the suffix “-oic” is added to the parent alkane name.
IUPAC rules for naming a carboxylic acid:
- The longest parent carbon chain is identified that includes the carboxyl group.
- The parent chain name is changed by replacing the suffix “-e” with “-oic acid”.
- Numbering is done in a way that the carboxyl group is designated as number 1. This is not indicated in the part of the name because for aldehyde, the carboxyl carbon is always numbered 1.
- The identity and location of substituents if any has to be determined and this information has to be added in front of the IUPAC name.
- If the carboxyl functional group is attached to a ring of carbon atoms, the ring is named and “-carboxylic acid” is added as suffix.
- If the compound contains two carboxyl groups, then suffix “-dioic acid” is added after the parent alkane name.
(c)
Answer to Problem 16.34EP
IUPAC name of malic acid is 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of malic acid is,
The longest continuous carbon chain has to be found out with the carboxyl group in it. In this it is a four carbon chain. The parent alkane is butane. The given structure contains two carboxyl groups. The carboxylic acid is named by adding the suffix “-dioic acid”. This gives the name of carboxylic acid as butanedioic acid.
Looking for substituents it is found that there is a hydroxyl group at the second carbon atom. Hence, the IUPAC name of the malic acid is 2-hydroxybutanoic acid.
IUPAC name of malic acid is given.
(d)
Interpretation:
IUPAC name for the tartaric acid has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
For naming a carboxylic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, the suffix “-oic” is added to the parent alkane name.
IUPAC rules for naming a carboxylic acid:
- The longest parent carbon chain is identified that includes the carboxyl group.
- The parent chain name is changed by replacing the suffix “-e” with “-oic acid”.
- Numbering is done in a way that the carboxyl group is designated as number 1. This is not indicated in the part of the name because for aldehyde, the carboxyl carbon is always numbered 1.
- The identity and location of substituents if any has to be determined and this information has to be added in front of the IUPAC name.
- If the carboxyl functional group is attached to a ring of carbon atoms, the ring is named and “-carboxylic acid” is added as suffix.
- If the compound contains two carboxyl groups, then suffix “-dioic acid” is added after the parent alkane name.
(d)
Answer to Problem 16.34EP
IUPAC name of tartaric acid is 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of tartaric acid is,
The longest continuous carbon chain has to be found out with the carboxyl group in it. In this it is a four carbon chain. The parent alkane is butane. The given structure contains two carboxyl groups. The carboxylic acid is named by adding the suffix “-dioic acid”. This gives the name of carboxylic acid as butanedioic acid.
Looking for substituents it is found that there are two hydroxyl groups present, each at the second carbon atom and third carbon atom. Hence, the IUPAC name of the tartaric acid is 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid.
IUPAC name of tartaric acid is given.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 16 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Define the following terms: a. ganglioside b. sphingolipidoses c. isoprenoid d. terpene e. mixed terpenoidarrow_forwardAnswers 557 ldentify the Fischer projection A to D that matches each of the following: (15.1, 15.3) a the L enantiomer of mannose h a ketopentose C. an aldopentose d. a ketohexose CH,OH H. H HO- CH,OH C=0 H HO- H. OH C=0 H OH HO H. HO H. HO H. H--OH HO H- H OH HO CH;OH CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH C Darrow_forwardWhat is the complete name of the following sugar? но он носн он Write out the words alpha and beta. This question is case-sensitive. Capitalize only the configuration designation, D or L, example: beta-D-glucopyranose.arrow_forward
- MD ordered morphine SO4 gr 2/5 and the pharmacist has a stock solution of gr 1/8 per milliliter of morphine SO4. How many milliliters of the stock solution is required to fill the Rx?arrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. alkylating agents b. base analogue c. nonalkylating agent d. intercalating agent e. ethidium bromidearrow_forwardA pharmacy's stock includes lisinopril 20 mg tablets from one manufacturer with the NDC 0774-2089-01. The pharmacy technician wants to order glyburide 2.5 mg from the same manufacturer. The pharmacy technician can choose from the following NDC numbers for glybunde 2.5 mg Which of the following NDC numbers would be from the same manufacturer? 07740-2388-10 B 00774-2385-01 C 77400-2388-10 D 77400-2388-01arrow_forward
- D- and L- designations are used to distinguish between the two possible enantiomers of the monosaccharide, galactose. From the Fischer projection, determine the designation of this monosaccharide.arrow_forwardAs a part of a clinical study, a pharmacist is asked to prepare a modification of a standard 22 g package of a 2% mupirocin ointment by adding the needed quantity of mupirocin powder to prepare a 3% w/w mupirocin ointment. How many mil- ligrams of mupirocin powder are required?arrow_forwardThe compounds 1-hexanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, hexanal, and 2-hexanone, and were used using different tests. Shown below is the schematic diagram of the tests performed on the compounds. Determine the identities of each compound based on the tests performed. a.) Compound A b.) Compound B c.) Compound C d.) Compound D Choices: I. 1-hexanol II. hexanal III. 2-hexanone IV. 3-methyl-3-pentanoarrow_forward
- A 5 ml vial of hydrocortisone is having 2% (w/v) concentration. How many vials will be required, if we need to prepare 30 ml of a 8 mg/ml oral hydrocortisone?arrow_forwardDetermine the weight/volume of the chemicals needed to prepare the following solutions: a) 100 ml of 0.9% (w/v) saline (NaCl) b) 30 ml of 50% glycerol (v/v) c) Electrophoresis requires TAE, which is a specific mixture of Tris base, acetic acid, and EDTA. TAE is normally made as a 50X concentrated stock. Provide a recipe to make 40 ml of 50X TAE. The recipe for one liter of 50X TAE is as follows: 242g Tris base, 57.1 ml glacial acetic acid, 100 ml 0.5 M EDTAarrow_forwardName the compound: 1. Lys-Ile-Met-Val Draw the forms of the amino acid in the solution. 2. Glutamic Acid (4 forms) 3. Lysine (4 forms)arrow_forward
- Essentials of Pharmacology for Health ProfessionsNursingISBN:9781305441620Author:WOODROWPublisher:CengagePrinciples Of Radiographic Imaging: An Art And A ...Health & NutritionISBN:9781337711067Author:Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler, Vesna BalacPublisher:Cengage Learning