Interpretation:
The entropy
Concept Introduction:
Entropy
Forward Reaction: This type of reaction has involved irreversible, if obtained product cannot be converted back in to respective reactants under the same conditions.
Backward Reaction: This type of reaction process involved a reversible, if the products can be converted into a back to reactants.
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Chemistry: Atoms First
- Elemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can be made by reducing a boron halide with H2. BCl3(g) + 3/2 H2(g) B(s) + 3HCl(g) Calculate H, S, and G at 25 C for this reaction. Is the reaction predicted to be product favored at equilibrium at 25 C? If so, is it enthalpy driven or entropy driven?arrow_forwardUse the data in Appendix J to calculate rG andKPat 25 C for the reaction 2HBr(g)+Cl2(g)2HCl(g)+Br2() Comment on the connection between the sign of rG and the magnitude ofKP.arrow_forwardAdenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on page 624.) ATP hydrolyzes in the presence of enzymes to give ADP: ATP(aq)+H2O(l)ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq);G=30.5kJ/molat25C Consider a hypothetical biochemical reaction of molecule A to give molecule B: A(aq)B(aq);G=+15.0kJ/molat25C Calculate the ratio [B]/[A] at 25C at equilibrium. Now consider this reaction coupled to the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP: A(aq)+ATP(aq)+H2O(l)B(aq)+ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq) If a cell maintains a high ratio of ATP to ADP and H2PO4 by continuously making ATP, the conversion of A to B can be made highly spontaneous. A characteristic value of this ratio is [ATP][ADP][H2PO4]=500 Calculate the ratio [B][A] in this case and compare it with the uncoupled reaction. Compared with the uncoupled reaction, how much larger is this ratio when coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP?arrow_forward
- Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow compound that decomposes when heated to give silver oxide and carbon dioxide: Ag2CO3(s)Ag2O(s)+CO2(g) A researcher measured the partial pressure of carbon dioxide over a sample of silver carbonate at 220C and found that it was 1.37 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 25C. The standard enthalpies of formation of silver carbonate and silver oxide at 25C are 505.9 kJ/mol and 31.05 kJ/mol, respectively. Make any reasonable assumptions in your calculations. State the assumptions that you make, and note why you think they are reasonable.arrow_forwarda Calculate K1, at 25C for sulfurous acid: H2SO3(aq)H+(aq)+HSO3(aq) b Which thermodynamic factor is the most significant in accounting for the fact that sulfurous acid is a weak acid? Why?arrow_forwardConsider the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) (a) Calculate G at 25C. (b) If the partial pressures of SO2 and SO3 are kept at 0.400 atm, what partial pressure should O2 have so that the reaction just becomes nonspontaneous (i.e., G=+1.0 k J)?arrow_forward
- Benzene can be prepared from acetylene. 3C2H2(g)C6H6(g). Determine the equilibrium constant at 25 C and at 850 C. Is the reaction spontaneous at either of these temperatures? Why is all acetylene not found as benzene?arrow_forwardConsider the decomposition of red mercury(II) oxide under standard state conditions.. 2HgO(s,red)2Hg(l)+O2(g) (a) Is the decomposition spontaneous under standard state conditions? (b) Above what temperature does the reaction become spontaneous?arrow_forwardGiven the following data at 25C 2NO(g)N2(g)+O2(g)K=1 10 30 2NO(g)+Br2(g)2NOBr(g)K=8 101 Calculate K for the formation of one mole of NOBr from its elements in the gaseous state.arrow_forward
- For the decomposition of formic acid, HCOOH(l)H2O(l)+CO(g) H = +29 kJ/mol at 25C. a Does the tendency of this reaction to proceed to a state of minimum energy favor the formation of water and carbon monoxide or formic acid? Explain. b Does the tendency of this reaction to proceed to a state of maximum entropy favor the formation of products or reactants? Explainarrow_forwardHeating some metal carbonates, among them magnesium carbonate, leads to their decomposition. MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g) (a) Calculate rG and rS for the reaction. (b) Is the reaction product-favored at equilibrium at 298 K? (c) Is the reaction predicted to be product-favored at equilibrium at higher temperatures?arrow_forwardConsider the following diagram of free energy (G) versus fraction of A reacted in terms of moles for the reaction 2A(g) B(g). Before any A has reacted, PA = 3.0 atm and PB = 0. Determine the sign of G and the value of Kp. for this reaction.arrow_forward
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