Developmental Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781605354705
Author: Scott F. Gilbert, Michael J. F. Barresi
Publisher: Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press
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Chapter 13, Problem 2DQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The mechanism which induces the medial hinge point formation. The reason for the different location of hinge points along the anterior-to-posterior axis, and also determine their regulation.
Introduction:
The hinge point formation is associated with the bending of neural plate, where the neural plate is found the association with the surrounding tissues. During the primary neurulation, the cellular changes occurs and neural plate leads to the formation of medial hinge point (MHP). The dorsolateral hinge point (DLHPs) are a result of convergence of neural folds. Both of these hinge points are regulated by several factors and signaling mechanism.
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Practice Question 8
- Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and
ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these
pathways has been associated with tumor growth.
MTOR pathway:
1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors.
crosstalk
Hippo
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2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol
3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway.
MTOR
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inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to
activate mTORC1.
Mst
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PTEN
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АКТ
4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1
pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag-
Ragulator complex.
miR-29
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TSC2-TSC1
amino acids
Hippo pathway:
1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors
which activate Mst and Lats.
Rheb
Rag-Ragulator
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MTORC1
organ size
2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of
Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in…
Practice Question 8
- Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and
ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these
pathways has been associated with tumor growth.
MTOR pathway:
1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors.
crosstalk
Hippo
Pathway
2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol
3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway.
MTOR
Pathway
3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase,
inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to
activate mTORC1.
Mst
РІЗК
PTEN
T
Lats
АКТ
4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1
pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag-
Ragulator complex.
(miR-29
YAP
TSC2-TSC1
amino acids
Rag-Ragulator
Hippo pathway:
1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors
which activate Mst and Lats.
Rheb
cell
division
MTORC1
organ size
2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of
Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in…
Practice Question 8
- Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and
ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these
pathways has been associated with tumor growth.
mTOR pathway:
1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors.
crosstalk
Hippo
Pathway
2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol
3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway.
MTOR
Pathway
-
3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase,
inhibits theTSC1–TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to
activate mTORC1.
Mst
РІЗК
PTEN
Lats
АКТ
4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1
pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag-
ator con
miR-29
YAP
TSC2-TSC1
lex.
amino acids
Rag-Ragulator
Hippo pathway:
1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors
which activate Mst and Lats.
Rheb
cell
division
MTORC1
organ size
2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of
Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in
turn…
Chapter 13 Solutions
Developmental Biology
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