Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134679259
Author: Bennett
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 1.3, Problem 20E
Type of Study. For Exercises 9–20, determine whether the study is an observational study, an experiment, or a meta-analysis, and explain your choice.
- 20. Vaccines and Autism. Results were combined from ten major studies involving a total of more than 1.25 million children. The analysis confirmed that there is no linkage between vaccines and autism (Vaccine, Volume 32, Issue 29, pages 3623–3629).
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Students have asked these similar questions
Which technique for gathering data (observational study or experiment) do you think was used in the following study?
The Colorado Division of Wildlife caught 41 bighorn sheep on Mt. Evans and gave each one an injection to prevent heartworm. A year later, 38 of these sheep did not have heartworm, while the other three did.
A. This is an observational study because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured.
B. This is an experiment because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured.
C. This is an observational study because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured.
You believe that eating an apple a day is healthy and want to design an
experiment to find out. You have available 40 volunteers (22 men and 18
women) from a four-year college, all between the ages of 18 and 22. Design an
experiment to help you determine if this practice is healthy or not, and explain,
in terms of the important principles of experimental design, why you chose the
design you did.
As an admissions counselor, I am interested in understanding whether or not there is a difference in stress levels not only between different majors but also between different classes (Freshman v. Seniors). I gather the following data from students from three majors (Psychology, Chemistry, and Engineering), that are in their freshmen or senior years and ask them about their stress levels (scale of 1-10, with lower numbers meaning less stress). Using the data below, test whether there are effects of class, major, or an interaction between them at an alpha of 0.05.
Psychology
Chemistry
Engineering
Freshmen
3, 4, 4, 2, 4
4, 5, 7, 8, 4
5, 7, 7, 8, 5
Senior
4, 5, 5, 3, 5
8, 5, 6, 7, 7
9, 9, 8, 7, 9
Complete the ANOVA summary table below:
Source
SS
df
MS (variance)
F
MAJOR
CLASS
MAJOR*CLASS
ERROR/RESIDUAL
Nothing here
TOTAL
Nothing here
Nothing here
What can we conclude?…
Chapter 1 Solutions
Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life (5th Edition)
Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 1ECh. 1.1 - Basic Definitions. Define the terms population,...Ch. 1.1 - Confidence Interval. What is a margin of error,...Ch. 1.1 - Statistical Process. Describe the five basic steps...Ch. 1.1 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 510, determine...Ch. 1.1 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 510, determine...Ch. 1.1 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 510, determine...Ch. 1.1 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 510, determine...Ch. 1.1 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 510, determine...Ch. 1.1 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 510, determine...
Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 11ECh. 1.1 - Population, Sample, Statistic, and Parameter....Ch. 1.1 - Population, Sample, Statistic, and Parameter....Ch. 1.1 - Population, Sample, Statistic, and Parameter....Ch. 1.1 - Identifying the Confidence Interval. In Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Identifying the Confidence Interval. In Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Identifying the Confidence Interval. In Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Identifying the Confidence Interval. In Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Identifying the Confidence Interval. In Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Identifying the Confidence Interval. In Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Forming Conclusions. For each of Exercises 2124,...Ch. 1.1 - Forming Conclusions. For each of Exercises 2124,...Ch. 1.1 - Forming Conclusions. For each of Exercises 2124,...Ch. 1.1 - Forming Conclusions. For each of Exercises 2124,...Ch. 1.1 - Interpreting Real Studies. For each of Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Interpreting Real Studies. For each of Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Interpreting Real Studies. For each of Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Interpreting Real Studies. For each of Exercises...Ch. 1.1 - Five Steps in a Study. Describe how you would...Ch. 1.1 - Five Steps in a Study. Describe how you would...Ch. 1.1 - Five Steps in a Study. Describe how you would...Ch. 1.1 - Five Steps in a Study. Describe how you would...Ch. 1.2 - Census and Sample. What is a census, what is a...Ch. 1.2 - Representative Sample. What is a representative...Ch. 1.2 - Biased Sample. What is a biased sample, and what...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. List and define five common...Ch. 1.2 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.2 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.2 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.2 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.2 - Census. In Exercises 912, determine whether a...Ch. 1.2 - Census. In Exercises 912, determine whether a...Ch. 1.2 - Census. In Exercises 912, determine whether a...Ch. 1.2 - Census. In Exercises 912, determine whether a...Ch. 1.2 - Representative Samples? In Exercises 1316,...Ch. 1.2 - Representative Samples? In Exercises 1316,...Ch. 1.2 - Representative Samples? In Exercises 1316,...Ch. 1.2 - Representative Samples? In Exercises 1316,...Ch. 1.2 - Evaluate the Sample Choices. Exercises 17 and 18...Ch. 1.2 - Evaluate the Sample Choices. Exercises 17 and 18...Ch. 1.2 - Bias. In Exercises 1922, determine whether there...Ch. 1.2 - Bias. In Exercises 1922, determine whether there...Ch. 1.2 - Bias. In Exercises 1922, determine whether there...Ch. 1.2 - Bias. In Exercises 1922, determine whether there...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Sampling Methods. In Exercises 2338, identify...Ch. 1.2 - Choosing Sampling Methods. For each of Exercises...Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 40ECh. 1.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 1.2 - Choosing Sampling Methods. For each of Exercises...Ch. 1.3 - Variables. Define variable, variables, of...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. In testing the effectiveness of a new...Ch. 1.3 - Placebo. What is a placebo, and why is it...Ch. 1.3 - Blinding. What is blinding, and why is it...Ch. 1.3 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Type of Study. For Exercises 920, determine...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Confounding. For each of the studies described in...Ch. 1.3 - Analyzing Experiments. Exercises 2932 present...Ch. 1.3 - Analyzing Experiments. Exercises 2932 present...Ch. 1.3 - Analyzing Experiments. Exercises 2932 present...Ch. 1.3 - Analyzing Experiments. Exercises 2932 present...Ch. 1.4 - Critical Evaluation. Briefly describe the eight...Ch. 1.4 - Peer Review. What is peer review? How is it...Ch. 1.4 - Selection Bias and Participation Bias. Describe...Ch. 1.4 - Self-Selected Surveys. Why are self-selected...Ch. 1.4 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Does It Make Sense? For Exercises 58, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Applying Guidelines. In Exercises 916, determine...Ch. 1.4 - Bias. In each of Exercises 1720, identify and...Ch. 1.4 - Bias. In each of Exercises 1720, identify and...Ch. 1.4 - Bias. In each of Exercises 1720, identify and...Ch. 1.4 - Bias. In each of Exercises 1720, identify and...Ch. 1.4 - Its All in the Wording. Princeton Survey Research...Ch. 1.4 - Tax or Spend? A Gallup poll asked the following...Ch. 1.4 - Accurate Headlines? Exercises 23 and 24 give a...Ch. 1.4 - Accurate Headlines? Exercises 23 and 24 give a...Ch. 1.4 - Stat Bites. Politicians commonly believe that they...Ch. 1.4 - Stat Bites. Politicians commonly believe that they...Ch. 1.4 - Stat Bites. Politicians commonly believe that they...Ch. 1.4 - Stat Bites. Politicians commonly believe that they...Ch. 1 - Medication Usage In a survey of 3005 adults aged...Ch. 1 - Simple Random Sample. An important element of this...Ch. 1 - Echinacea Treatment. Rhinoviruses typically cause...Ch. 1 - Wording of a Survey Question. In The...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 15, assume that you conduct a survey...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 15, assume that you conduct a survey...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 15, assume that you conduct a survey...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 15, assume that you conduct a survey...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 15, assume that you conduct a survey...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 610, consider a clinical trial...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 610, consider a clinical trial...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 610, consider a clinical trial...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 610, consider a clinical trial...Ch. 1 - In Exercises 610, consider a clinical trial...Ch. 1 - In a Marist Poll, respondents chose the most...Ch. 1 - From the poll results given in Exercise 11, can we...Ch. 1 - Consider a study in which you measure the weights...Ch. 1 - Consider a survey of randomly selected people in...Ch. 1 - If a statistical study is carefully conducted in...Ch. 1 - Public Health Is Your Lifestyle Healthy? Consider...Ch. 1 - Prob. 2.3FCh. 1 - Prob. 2.5F
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- As an admissions counselor, I am interested in understanding whether or not there is a difference in stress levels not only between different majors but also between different classes (Freshman v. Seniors). I gather the following data from students from three majors (Psychology, Chemistry, and Engineering), that are in their freshmen or senior years and ask them about their stress levels (scale of 1-10, with lower numbers meaning less stress). Using the data below, test whether there are effects of class, major, or an interaction between them at an alpha of 0.05. Psychology Chemistry Engineering Freshmen 3, 4, 4, 2, 4 4, 5, 7, 8, 4 5, 7, 7, 8, 5 Senior 4, 5, 5, 3, 5 8, 5, 6, 7, 7 9, 9, 8, 7, 9 What is the critical F value for major? ___________ What is the critical F value for class? ___________ What is the critical F value for the interaction between major and class? ___________arrow_forwardWhat type of study is this? A first-year university unit wanted to give option of online teaching to determine whether online teaching improved learning outcomes. Students were allowed to enrol into online or on-campus classes. Grades at the end of semester were compared. Select one: O Experimental O Something else O Observationalarrow_forwardDoes the example represent an observational study or an experiment? Car accident data is obtained from the Ohio database. It is found that more accidents happened at night.arrow_forward
- Part II. Complete the ANOVA table below using the study description. Answer the questions to determine if there is in fact a significant difference between the three groups. A psychologist would like to examine the effects of sugar consumption on the activity level of preschool children. Three samples of children are selected with n = 5 in each sample. One group gets no sugar, one group gets a small dose, and the third group gets a large dose. The psychologist records the activity level for each child. The data from this experiment are presented below. 1. Summarize the results.arrow_forwardPart II. Complete the ANOVA table below using the study description. Answer the questions to determine if there is in fact a significant difference between the three groups. A psychologist would like to examine the effects of sugar consumption on the activity level of preschool children. Three samples of children are selected with n = 5 in each sample. One group gets no sugar, one group gets a small dose, and the third group gets a large dose. The psychologist records the activity level for each child. The data from this experiment are presented below. 1. Compute η2 , the percentage of variance accounted for by the treatmentarrow_forwardPart II. Complete the ANOVA table below using the study description. Answer the questions to determine if there is in fact a significant difference between the three groups. A psychologist would like to examine the effects of sugar consumption on the activity level of preschool children. Three samples of children are selected with n = 5 in each sample. One group gets no sugar, one group gets a small dose, and the third group gets a large dose. The psychologist records the activity level for each child. The data from this experiment are presented below. 1. Do these data indicate any significant differences among the three groups? Test with α = .05.arrow_forward
- Should an observational study or an experiment be performed to answer the research question below? Explain your choice. Do students who miss their classes frequently earn lower grades than those who attend a high percentage of their classes?arrow_forward2. (Table: TV and Aggressiveness) In a fictional study, a pretest-posttest design was used to examine the influence of a television program on children's aggressiveness. The number of aggressive responses was measured during an observation period both before and after the television program. Calculate the appropriate test statistic to hypothesis test whether or not there is a difference in the number of aggressive behaviors in children after having viewed the television program. Use a = .05 and calculate the test statistic as a two tailed test. Table: TV and Aggressiveness Participant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Before 6 4 12 9 10 2 14 After 9 3 11 12 14 6 12arrow_forwardA city council is considering a law that would require mask wearing in all public spaces and facilities. A sample has been selected from the community and tested for support of the ordinance. Is there a statistically significant relationship between age and support for the anti-smoking law? Use the five step model as a guide and write a sentence or two interpreting your results Age Less than 40 More than 40 Support: For 145 78 223 Against 103 169 272 248 247 495arrow_forward
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