Problem 1E: What does it mean to describe a reaction as reversible? Problem 2E: When writing an equation, how is a reversible reaction distinguished from a nonreversible reaction? Problem 3E: If a reaction is reversible, when can it be said to have reached equilibrium? Problem 4E: Is a system at equilibrium if the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions are equal? Problem 5E: If the concentrations of products and reactants are equal, is the system at equilibrium? Problem 6E: Explain why there may be an infinite number of values for the reaction quotient of a reaction at a... Problem 7E: Explain why an equilibrium between Br2(l)andBr2(g) would not be established if the container were... Problem 8E: If you observe the following reaction at equilibrium, is it possible to tell whether the reaction... Problem 9E: Among the solubility rules previously discussed is the statement: All chlorides are soluble except... Problem 10E: Among the solubility rules previously discussed is the statement: Carbonates, phosphates, borates,... Problem 11E: Benzene is one of the compounds used as octane enhancers in unleaded gasoline. It is manufactured by... Problem 12E: Show that the complete chemical equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for... Problem 13E: For a titration to be effective, the reaction must be rapid and the yield of the reaction must... Problem 14E: For a precipitation reaction to be useful in a gravimetric analysis, the product of the reaction... Problem 15E: Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, QC, for each of the following... Problem 16E: Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, QC, for each of the following reactions... Problem 17E: The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the... Problem 18E: The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the... Problem 19E: The following reaction has KP=4.5010-5at720K . N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) If a reaction vessel is filled... Problem 20E: Determine if the following system is at equilibrium. If not, in which direction will the system need... Problem 21E: Which of the systems described in Exercise 13.15 give homogeneous equilibria? Which give... Problem 22E: Which of the systems described in Exercise 13.16 give homogeneous equilibria? Which give... Problem 23E: For which of the reactions in Exercise 13.15 does Kc (calculated using concentrations) equal KP... Problem 24E: For which of the reactions in Exercise 13.16 does Kc (calculated using concentrations) equal Kp... Problem 25E: Convert the values of KC to values of KP to the values of KP to values of Kc. (a)... Problem 26E: Covert the values of Kc to the values of KP or the values of Kp to values of Kc. (a)... Problem 27E: What is the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the change H2O(l)H2O(g) at 30 C? Problem 28E: Write the expression of the reaction quotient for the ionization of HOCN in water. Problem 29E: Write the reaction quotient expression for the ionization of NH3 in water. Problem 30E: What is the approximate value of the equilibrium constantKP for the change... Problem 31E: The following equation represents a reversible decomposition: CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) Under what... Problem 32E: Explain how to recognize the conditions under which changes in pressure would affect systems at... Problem 33E: What property of a reaction can we use to predict the effect of a change in temperature on the value... Problem 34E: The following reaction occurs when a burner on a gas stove is lit: CH4+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(g) Is an... Problem 35E: A necessary step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is the formation of sulfur trioxide. SO3, from... Problem 36E: Suggest four ways in which the concentration of hydrazine, N2H4, could be increased in an... Problem 37E: Suggest four ways in which the concentration of PH3could be increased in an equilibrium described by... Problem 38E: How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in... Problem 39E: How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in... Problem 40E: Methanol can be prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure in the... Problem 41E: Nitrogen and oxygen react at high temperatures. (a) Write the expression for the equilibrium... Problem 42E: Water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, is an important industrial fuel produced by the reaction of steam... Problem 43E: Pure iron metal can be produced by the reduction of iron(III) oxide with hydrogen gas. (a) Write the... Problem 44E: Ammonia is a weak base that reacts with water according to this equation:... Problem 45E: Acetic acid is a weak acid that reacts with water according to this equation:... Problem 46E: Suggest two ways in which the equilibrium concentration of Ag+ can be reduced in a solution of Na+,... Problem 47E: How can the pressure of water vapor be increased in the following equilibrium? H2O(l)H2O(g)H=41kJ Problem 48E: A solution is saturated with silver sulfate and contains excess solid silver sulfate:... Problem 49E: The amino acid alanine has two isomers, -alanine and -alanine. When equal masses of these two... Problem 50E: A reaction is represented by this equation: A(aq)+2B2C(aq) Kc=1103 (a) Write the mathematical... Problem 51E: A reaction is represented by this equation: 2W(aq)X(aq)+2Y(aq)Kc=5104 (a) Write the mathematical... Problem 52E: What is the value of the equilibrium constant at 500 C for the formation of NH3 according to the... Problem 53E: Hydrogen is prepared commercially by the reaction of methane and water vapor at elevated... Problem 54E: A 0.72-m01 sample of PCl5 is put into a 1.00-L vessel and heated. At equilibrium, the vessel... Problem 55E: At 1 atm and 25 C, NO2 with an initial concentration of 1.00M is 0.0033% decomposed into NO and O2.... Problem 56E: Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction 2NO2(g)+Cl2(g)2NOCl(g) from... Problem 57E: When heated, iodine vapor dissociates according to this equation: I2(g)2I(g) At 1274 K, a sample... Problem 58E: A sample of ammonium chloride was heated in a closed container. NH4CI(s)NH3(g)+HCI(g) At... Problem 59E: At a temperature of 60 C, the vapor pressure of water is 0.196 atm. What is the value of the... Problem 60E: Complete the changes in concentrations (or pressure, if requested) for each of the following... Problem 61E: Complete the changes in concentrations (or pressure, if requested) for each of the following... Problem 62E: Why are there no changes specified for Ni in Exercise 13.60, part (f)? What property of Ni does... Problem 63E: Why are there no changes specified for NH4HS in Exercise 13.61, part (e)? What property of NH4HS... Problem 64E: Analysis of the gases in a sealed reaction vessel containing NH3, N2, and H2 at equilibrium at 400 C... Problem 65E: Calculate the number of moles of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 1.25 mol of I2... Problem 66E: What is the pressure of BrCl in an equilibrium mixture of Cl2, Br2, and BrCl if the pressure of CI2... Problem 67E: What is the pressure of CO2 in a mixture at equilibrium that contains 0.50 mm H2, 2.0 atm of H2O,... Problem 68E: Cobalt metal can be prepared by reducing cobalt (II) oxide with carbon monoxide.... Problem 69E: Carbon reactswith water vapor at elevated temperatures. C(s)+H2O(g)CO(g)+H2(g)Kc=0.2at1000C Assuming... Problem 70E: Sodium sulfate 10-hydrate, Na2SO410H2O, dehydrates according to the equation... Problem 71E: Calcium chloride 6-hydrate, CaC12.6H2O, dehydrates according to the equation... Problem 72E: A student solved the following problem and found the equilibrium concentrations to be (SO2)=0.590M,[... Problem 73E: A student solved the following problem and found [N2O4]=0.16M at equilibrium. How could this student... Problem 74E: Assume that the change in concentration of N2O4 is small enough to be neglected in the following... Problem 75E: Assume that the change in concentration of COC12 is small enough to be neglected in the following... Problem 76E: Assume that the change in pressure of H2S is small enough to be neglected in the following problem.... Problem 77E: What are all concentrations after a mixture that contains [H2O]=1.00M and [Cl2O]=1.00M comes to... Problem 78E: Calculate the number of grams of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 63.5 g of iodine... Problem 79E: Butane exists as two isomers, n -butane and isobutane. Kp=2.5 at 25 C What is the pressure of... Problem 80E: What is the minimum mass of CaCO3 required to establish equilibrium at a certain temperature in a... Problem 81E: The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 1.60 at 990 c: H2(g)+CO2(g)H2O(g)+CO(g) Calculate... Problem 82E: In a 3.0-L vessel, the following equilibrium partial pressures are measured: N2, 190 torr; H2, 317... Problem 83E: The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 5.0 at a given temperature.... Problem 84E: Antimony pentachloride decomposes according to this equation: SbCl5(g)SbCl3+Cl2(g) An equilibrium... Problem 85E: Consider the equilibrium 4NO2(g)+6H2O(g)4NH3(g)+7O2(g) (a) What is the expression for the... Problem 86E: The binding of oxygen by hemoglobin (Hb), giving oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2), is partially regulated by... Problem 87E: Liquid N2o3 is dark blue at low temperatures, but the color fades and becomes greenish at higher... Problem 88E: A 1.00-L vessel at 400C contains the following equilibrium concentrations:... Problem 89E: Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25 C for each of the following reactions from the value of... Problem 90E: Calculate the equilibrium constant at the temperature given. (a) O2(g)+2F2(g)2F2O(g)(T=100C) (b)... Problem 91E: Calculate the equilibrium constant at the temperature given. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Problem 92E: Consider the following reaction at 298 K: N2O4(g)2NO2(g)Kp=0.142 What is the standard free energy... Problem 93E: Determine the normal boiling point (inkelvin) of dichloroethane, CH2C12 . Find the actual boiling... Problem 94E: Under what conditions is N2O3(g)NO(g)+NO2(g) spontaneous? Problem 95E: At room temperature, the equilibrium constant (Kw) for the self-ionization of water is 1.0010-14... Problem 96E: Hydrogen sulfide is a pollutant found in natural gas. Following its removal, it is converted to... Problem 97E: Consider the decomposition of CaCO3(s) into CaO(s)andCO2(g) . What is the equilibrium partial... Problem 98E: In the laboratory, hydrogen chloride (HCl(g)) and ammonia (NH3(g)) often escape from bottles of... Problem 99E: Benzene can be prepared from acetylene. 3C2H2(g)C6H6(g) . Determine the equilibrium constant at 25 C... Problem 100E: Carbon dioxide decomposes into CO and O2 at elevated temperatures. What is the equilibrium partial... Problem 101E: Carbon tetrachloride, an important industrial solvent, is prepared by the chlorination of methane at... Problem 102E: Acetic acid, CH3CO2H, Can form a dimer, (CH3CO2H)2, in the gas phase. 2CH3CO2H(g)(CH3CO2H)2(g) The... format_list_bulleted
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