CHEMISTRY >CUSTOM<
CHEMISTRY >CUSTOM<
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781309097182
Author: SILBERBERG
Publisher: MCG/CREATE
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Chapter 13, Problem 13.35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether I or Br has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

I will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

Both bromine and iodine are present in the same group of the periodic table. But iodine lies below bromine so it will have a large size and volume than that of bromine. So I will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of Br and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether Sc3+ or Ca2+ has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

Ca2+ will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

The charge on Ca2+ is less than that of Sc3+. So Ca2+ will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of Sc3+ and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether K+ or Br has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

Br will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

The anions are larger than cations so the ionic volume of Br is more than that of K+ and therefore Br will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of K+ and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether Cl or S2 has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

Cl will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

Cl has a smaller ionic charge as compared to S2. So Cl will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of S2 and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether Sc3+ or Al3+ has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(e)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

Sc3+ will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

The size of scandium is larger than that of aluminium so Sc3+ will have the larger volume as compared to that of Al3+. So Sc3+ will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of Al3+ and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ClO4 or SO42 has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(f)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

ClO4 will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

The charge on ClO4 is less than that of SO42. So ClO4 will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of SO42 and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether Fe2+ or Fe3+ has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(g)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

Fe2+ will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

The ionic charge of Fe2+ is less than that of Fe3+. So the ratio of ionic charge to the volume of Fe2+ will be lower than that of Fe3+ and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether K+ or Ca2+ has smaller ΔHhydration is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The charge density is defined as the ratio of ionic charge and volume. It is directly proportional to the ionic charge and inversely proportional to the ionic volume. Volume is directly related to the ionic size. Smaller ion will have the charge spread over a small space so charge density will be more and vice-versa.

The enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of the ionic species is dissolved in water to give a solution of infinite dilution. It is represented by ΔHhydration. It is always negative.

ΔHhydration is directly related to the charge density on an ion. Higher the charge density, more will be ΔHhydration and vice-versa.

(h)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 13.35P

K+ will have a smaller ΔHhydration.

Explanation of Solution

The ionic charge of K+ is smaller than that of Ca2+. So K+ will have a lower ratio of charge to volume than that of Ca2+ and therefore it has smaller ΔHhydration.

Conclusion

The species with a lower  ratio of ionic charge to volume has smaller ΔHhydration.

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Chapter 13 Solutions

CHEMISTRY >CUSTOM<

Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 13.6AFPCh. 13.5 - Prob. 13.6BFPCh. 13.6 - Calculate the vapor pressure lowering of a...Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 13.7BFPCh. 13.6 - Prob. 13.8AFPCh. 13.6 - Prob. 13.8BFPCh. 13.6 - Prob. 13.9AFPCh. 13.6 - Prob. 13.9BFPCh. 13.6 - A solution is made by dissolving 31.2 g of...Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 13.10BFPCh. 13.7 - Prob. B13.1PCh. 13.7 - Prob. B13.2PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.1PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.2PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.3PCh. 13 - Which would you expect to be more effective as a...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.5PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.6PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.7PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.8PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.9PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.10PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.11PCh. 13 - What is the strongest type of intermolecular force...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.13PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.14PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.15PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.16PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.17PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.18PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.19PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.20PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.21PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.22PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.23PCh. 13 - What is the relationship between solvation and...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.25PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.26PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.27PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.28PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.29PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.30PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.31PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.32PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.33PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.34PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.35PCh. 13 - Use the following data to calculate the combined...Ch. 13 - Use the following data to calculate the combined...Ch. 13 - State whether the entropy of the system increases...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.39PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.40PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.41PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.42PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.43PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.44PCh. 13 - For a saturated aqueous solution of each of the...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.46PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.47PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.48PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.49PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.50PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.51PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.52PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.53PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.54PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.55PCh. 13 - Calculate the molarity of each aqueous...Ch. 13 - Calculate the molarity of each aqueous...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.58PCh. 13 - Calculate the molarity of each aqueous...Ch. 13 - How would you prepare the following aqueous...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.61PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.62PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.63PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.64PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.65PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.66PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.67PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.68PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.69PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.70PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.71PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.72PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.73PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.74PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.75PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.76PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.77PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.78PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.79PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.80PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.81PCh. 13 - What are the most important differences between...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.83PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.84PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.85PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.86PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.87PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.88PCh. 13 - Classify each substance as a strong electrolyte,...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.90PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.91PCh. 13 - Which solution has the lower freezing point? 11.0...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.93PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.94PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.95PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.96PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.97PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.98PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.99PCh. 13 - The boiling point of ethanol (C2H5OH) is 78.5°C....Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.101PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.102PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.103PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.104PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.105PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.106PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.107PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.108PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.109PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.110PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.111PCh. 13 - In a study designed to prepare new...Ch. 13 - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.114PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.115PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.116PCh. 13 - In a movie theater, you can see the beam of...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.118PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.119PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.120PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.121PCh. 13 - Gold occurs in seawater at an average...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.123PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.124PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.125PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.126PCh. 13 - Pyridine (right) is an essential portion of many...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.128PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.129PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.130PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.131PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.132PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.133PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.134PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.135PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.136PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.137PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.138PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.139PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.140PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.141PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.142PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.143PCh. 13 - The release of volatile organic compounds into the...Ch. 13 - Although other solvents are available,...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.146PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.147PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.148PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.149PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.150PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.151PCh. 13 - Suppose coal-fired power plants used water in...Ch. 13 - Urea is a white crystalline solid used as a...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.154PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.155PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.156PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.157PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.158PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.159PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.160PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.161PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.162PCh. 13 - Figure 12.11 shows the phase changes of pure...Ch. 13 - KNO3, KClO3, KCl, and NaCl are recrystallized as...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13.165PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.166PCh. 13 - Prob. 13.167P
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