Prescott's Microbiology
Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260211887
Author: WILLEY, Sandman, Wood
Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Chapter 12.5, Problem 1CC
Summary Introduction

Nitrogen is an important building block for cellular components such as amino acids and nucleic acids. Ammonia is a common source of nitrogen for many organisms. Ammonia assimilation is the process of releasing nitrogen from ammonia and utilizing it in the cell. Either the reductive amination or the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase system can be utilized to initially incorporate nitrogen into a carbon backbone.

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Which of the following statements about the transamination and deamination steps of amino acid degradation is true? (A) a-ketoglutarate is always formed during a transamination between an amino acid and glutamate. (B) Transamination reactions produce glutamate that is deaminated after entering the urea cycle. (C) Free ammonia is removed from glutamate using glutamate dehydrogenase and NAD+ as an oxidizing agent. (D) The free NH4+ that is removed from glutamate during the deamination reaction is used to form glucose.(E) The carbon backbone that results from transamination enters the mitochondria to be used in the urea cycle.
Diagram the reactions involving glutamate dehydrogenaseand glutamine synthetase that produce glutamine from ammoniaand -ketoglutarate.
Under anaerobic conditions, Escherichia coli synthesizes an NADH-dependent fumarate reductase rather than succinatedehydrogenase, the flavoprotein that oxidizes succinate to fumarate.  a) Write an equation for the reaction catalyzed by fumarate reductase.b) NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction is re-oxidized by reducing an organicintermediate. Rather than reduce pyruvate to lactate, anaerobic E. coli utilize fumarate reductase. However, underanaerobiosis, the activity of -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is virtually nonexistent. Show how fumarate is formed, usinga reaction beginning with PEP and including the necessary TCA cycle enzymes.c) What is the metabolic advantage to anaerobic E. coli in using the fumarate reductase pathway rather than lactatedehydrogenase to re-oxidize NADH?

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Prescott's Microbiology

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