BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT
BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781260670929
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 12, Problem 8WIO
Summary Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The frequency of the gray allele f.

Introduction:

Evolution occurs due to change in allele frequencies. The frequency of an allele is calculated as:  the number of copies of an alleletotalnumberofallelesinthepopulation

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

It has been mentioned that there are 100 Fraggles in the population out of which 84 have green fur and 16 have gray fur. A dominant allele F confers green fur, and a recessive allele f confers gray fur. The allelic frequency of the gray allele f can be calculated as:

Allelefrequencies:p+q=1,

where, p=frequencyofdominantallele, q=frequencyofrecessiveallele

Genotypefrequency=p2+2pq+q2=1,

where, p2=frequencyofdominantgenotype(FF)

2pq=frequencyofheterozygousgenotype(Ff)

q2=frequencyofrecessivegenotype(ff)

Genotypefrequency=the number of individualswiththedominant/recessivegenotypetotalsizeofthepopulationGreenfur=84100=0.84Grayfur=16100=0.16AsGenotypefrequency=2p+2pq+q2=1p2+2pq=0.84,q2=0.16therefore,q=0.4Greyallele(f)=0.4

Thus, frequency of the gray allele f is 0.4.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The frequency of the green allele F.

Introduction:

According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies do not change from one generation to the next.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

Genotypefrequency=the number of individualswiththedominant/recessivegenotypetotalsizeofthepopulation

FraggleswithGreenfur=84100=0.84FraggleswithGrayfur=16100=0.16AsGenotypefrequency=2p+2pq+q2=1p2=frequencyofdominantgenotype(FF)2pq=frequencyofheterozygousgenotype(Ff)q2=frequencyofrecessivegenotype(ff)p2+2pq=0.84,q2=0.16therefore,q=0.4Greyallele(f)=0.4Allelefrequencies:p+q=1p=frequencyofdominantalleleq=frequencyofrecessiveallelep+q=1p=1-0.4=0.6Thus,frequencyofthegreenallele(F)=0.6

Summary Introduction

(c)

To determine:

The number of Fraggles that are heterozygotes (Ff).

Introduction:

Individuals that contain different alleles of a gene are called heterozygous. Individuals that carry two identical alleles of a gene are called homozygous. In case of homozygous individual, the identical alleles may be either dominant or recessive.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

There are 100 Fraggles in a population out of which 84 have green fur and 16 have gray fur.

FraggleswithGreenfur=84100=0.84FraggleswithGrayfur=16100=0.16

Genotypefrequency=2p+2pq+q2=1p2=frequencyofdominantgenotype(FF)2pq=frequencyofheterozygousgenotype(Ff)q2=frequencyofrecessivegenotype(ff)p2+2pq=0.84,q2=0.16

therefore,q=0.4Greyallele(f)=0.4

Allelefrequencies:p+q=1p=frequencyofdominantalleleq=frequencyofrecessiveallelep+q=1p=1-0.4=0.6Thus,frequencyofthegreenallele(F)=0.6As,p2+2pq+q2=1p2=0.36q2=0.162pq=2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48Thus,thenumberofheterozygotes(Ff)=0.48

Summary Introduction

(d)

To determine:

The number of Fraggles that are homozygous recessive (ff).

Introduction:

The study of population genetics is based on the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies. Some or all the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are violated in a real population.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

Genotypefrequency=2p+2pq+q2=1p2=frequencyofdominantgenotype(FF)2pq=frequencyofheterozygousgenotype(Ff)q2=frequencyofrecessivegenotype(ff)

Asitwascalculatedthatp=0.6, q=0.4,2pq=0.48p2+2pq+q2=1q2=0.16Thus,thenumberofhomozygous recessivefraggles(ff)=0.16

Summary Introduction

(e)

To determine:

The number of Fraggles that are homozygous dominant (FF).

Introduction:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allows inferring characteristics of a population based on limited information. The genotype frequencies in a population can be estimated using allele frequencies.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

Genotypefrequency=2p+2pq+q2=1p2=frequencyofdominantgenotype(FF)2pq=frequencyofheterozygousgenotype(Ff)q2=frequencyofrecessivegenotype(ff)

Asitwascalculatedthatp=0.6, q=0.4,2pq=0.48p2+2pq+q2=1p2=0.36Thus,thenumberofhomozygous dominantfraggles(FF)=0.36

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Chapter 12 Solutions

BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT

Ch. 12.4 - Why doesnt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occur in...Ch. 12.5 - Distinguish among directional, disruptive, and...Ch. 12.5 - How can natural selection maintain harmful alleles...Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 1MCCh. 12.6 - Prob. 2MCCh. 12.7 - How do mutations affect an organisms phenotype?Ch. 12.7 - South china tigers once had two color patterns...Ch. 12.7 - Prob. 3MCCh. 12.7 - Prob. 4MCCh. 12 - Microevolution applies to changes that occur a....Ch. 12 - Biological evolution describes how ____ change...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 12 - What is the most accurate way to explain the...Ch. 12 - Suppose that after an environmental change, foxes...Ch. 12 - Huntington disease is caused by a rare, lethal,...Ch. 12 - A population of 100 sea stars is in Hardy-Weinberg...Ch. 12 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 12 - Darwin observed that different types of organisms...Ch. 12 - Which of the following processes is nonrandom? a....Ch. 12 - Prob. 1WIOCh. 12 - Prob. 2WIOCh. 12 - Explain how understanding evolution is important...Ch. 12 - Write a paragraph that describes the connections...Ch. 12 - Jellyfish Lake, located on the Pacific island of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6WIOCh. 12 - Explain how harmful recessive alleles can persist...Ch. 12 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 12 - Describe the competing selective forces acting on...Ch. 12 - Some researchers suggest that a giraffes long neck...Ch. 12 - Burning Question 12.1 explains why an organism...Ch. 12 - Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the...Ch. 12 - Describe situations in which the five mechanisms...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3PIT
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