Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 12, Problem 2AQ
Summary Introduction
To discuss:
Several genetic systems use the β-galactosidase as a reporter. The lacZ gene encodes β-galactosidase. The major advantages and disadvantages of using the luciferase or green fluorescent protein as a reporter instead of the β-galactosidase.
Concept introduction:
The lacZ gene from E. coli encodes β-galactosidase enzyme, which is required for catabolism of lactose. The cells are plated on X-gal (5-bromo4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopyranoside) containing media. Cells expressing β-galactosidase enzyme can be analyzed by their color of the colonies. X-gal, the chemical substance is cleaved by β-galactosidase enzyme and produces blue color colonies.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Consider the gal10D56 reporter gene. In 300 words or fewer, describe 1) the role of GAL7 in galactose metabolism and its importance for cell function 2) the mutation present in the gal10D56 reporter gene 3) the consequence of this mutation for GAL7 expression in wild type cells, 4) the mechanism by which certain mutations can suppress the effects of gal10D56, and 5) the specific purpose for using this reporter gene.
1. Peroxisomes are organelles surrounded by a single membrane. Soluble proteins that
reside within peroxisomes are imported post-translationally, and they often contain
the C-terminal tripeptide SKL (serine-lysine-leucine).
a) How would you confirm that a C-terminal SKL tripeptide is a peroxisomal
targeting signal?
b) If cells were engineered to produce a hybrid protein consisting of a mitochondrial
matrix protein (including its signal sequence) followed by a C-terminal SKL
signal, where in the cell would you expect the hybrid protein to be found? Explain
your reasoning.
What functional assays did Kazutoshi Takahasi and Shinya Yamanaka use to show that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells function similarly to embryonic stem (ES) cells? Name 2.
Chapter 12 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - Why is a primer needed at each end of the DNA...Ch. 12.1 - How does RT-PCR differ from traditional PCR?Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.1 - Describe the basic principles of gene...Ch. 12.2 - What is the purpose of molecular cloning?Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.2 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 12.3 - How can the bacteriophage T7 promoter be used to...Ch. 12.3 - What major advantage does cloning mammalian genes...
Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.3 - Prob. 1CRCh. 12.4 - How can site-directed mutagenesis be useful to...Ch. 12.4 - What is used to alter more than a few base pairs...Ch. 12.4 - What are knockout mutations?Ch. 12.4 - What does site-directed mutagenesis allow you to...Ch. 12.5 - What is a reporter gene? The product of which...Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.5 - Describe two widely used reporter genes.Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 12.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.6 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 12.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 12.7 - Give an example of a genetically modified plant...Ch. 12.7 - How have transgenic salmon been engineered to...Ch. 12.7 - What is the Ti plasmid and how has it been of use...Ch. 12.8 - Explain why recombinant vaccines might be safer...Ch. 12.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.8 - What is a subunit vaccine and why are subunit...Ch. 12.9 - Explain why metagenomic cloning gives large...Ch. 12.9 - What types of environments are often sampled to...Ch. 12.9 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.9 - How has metagenomics been used to find novel...Ch. 12.10 - How has Caldicellulosiruptor been modified to...Ch. 12.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.10 - What has been the limiting factor in engineering...Ch. 12.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 12.11 - What are biobricks?Ch. 12.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.11 - How was Escherichia coli modified to produce a...Ch. 12.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 12.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 12.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 12.12 - How is recombinant DNA inserted into a genome...Ch. 12.12 - How has the CRISPR editing technology been applied...Ch. 12.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 12.13 - How can a tRNA be engineered to encode for a...Ch. 12.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 12.13 - What are some mechanisms for controlling a...Ch. 12 - Suppose you have just determined the DNA base...Ch. 12 - Prob. 2AQCh. 12 - Prob. 3AQCh. 12 - Describe how you could recode Escherichia coli to...
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- Searching the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, researchers found approximately 4,000 DNA sites with a sequence which could potentially bind the yeast transcription factor GAL4. GAL4 activates the transcription of galactose genes. Yet there are only 10 GAL4-binding sites which control the genes necessary for galactose metabolism. The GAL4 binding sequence is CGGAT#AGAAGC*GCCG, where # is T, C or G, and * is C or T. In one chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment (ChIP), yeast growing on galactose were lysed, and subjected to cross-linking reagents which cross-linked transcription factors and activators to DNA. Next the DNA was sheared into small fragments, and antibodies to GAL4 were added. These antibodies coprecipitated the GAL4 and the DNA it was cross-linked to. The cross-linking was then chemically reversed, and the DNA was isolated, cloned into a library of plasmids and sequenced. Results showed that only 10 different DNA sequences had GAL4 bound. Since the…arrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion a) List three eukaryotic gene expression mechanisms that do not occur in prokaryotes. For two of these, give specific examples and the functional outcomes. b) Describe what is meant by the term “RNA silencing”. c) Using diagrams, give two examples of RNA silencing mechanisms and indicate one difference.arrow_forwardExplain how the following mutations would affect transcription of the yeast GAL1 gene in the presence of galactose. (a) A deletion within the GAL4 gene that removes the region encoding amino acids 1 to 100. (b) A deletion of the entire GAL3 gene. (c) A mutation within the GAL80 gene that blocks the ability of Gal80 protein to interact with Gal3p. (d) A deletion of one of the four UASG elements upstream from the GAL1 gene. (e) A point mutation in the GAL1 core promoter that alters the sequence of the TATA box.arrow_forward
- Termicin is a small antifungal protein in termites that is produced by cells and secreted into termite saliva in response to a pathogen. In vitro translation of the termicin-encoding gene is performed, and the effects of that product are compared to those of termicin extracted from a termite. You see that extracted termicin exhibits more antifungal behavior than in vitro translated termicin. After further analysis, you see that extracted termicin contains 3 disulfide bonds, while in vitro translated termicin contains zero. The addition of microsomes to the in vitro translation reaction results in termicin with all 3 disulfide bonds. What experimental condition is most likely responsible for this difference? A. in vitro translation was not performed at the correct temperature affecting protein folding B. a mutation occurred during in vitro translation, leading to differences in disulfide bond formation O C. the UPR can not be activated in vitro, therefore, this protein can only be…arrow_forwardYou are interested in studying resistance to heavy metals and have selected the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisea to conduct your studies. You have recovered a deletion mutant that does not tolerate high concentrations of zinc (grows poorly in zinc containing media ) and have designated the mutant pgz-1 (for poor growth in zinc ). (a) What is the advantage to the type of mutant used in this work? What class of mutagen was likely use to generate pgz-1? ( b) Do you expect the PGZ gene to be expressed in your mutant? Explain.arrow_forwardA chain of biochemical events is responsible for Aequorea victoria turning green. Firstly, the protein aequorin converts chemical energy into blue light. A second protein, known as GFP (green fluorescent protein), absorbs the light. Aequorin is a 21 kDa protein with a pI of 4.5 that generates blue light from an attached non-protein chromophore. GFP is a 27 kDa protein with a pI of 6.2. In order for it to fluoresce, 3 amino acids undergo a remarkable reaction when they are folded in the right way. Aequorin does not absorb light in the visible range, and GFP absorbs light at 395 nm and 475 nm. 1. Sketch what you would see if you ran a mixture of aequorin and GFP over a size-exclusion column. In your sketch, include absorbance data at 280, 395, and 475 nm.arrow_forward
- i)Describe attenuation control and how it is used to regulate gene expression. ii)Give a specific example of how this works? iii)Could this be used in eukaryotes? why ?or why not?arrow_forwardMaterials In order to determine the genetic material of a T2 phage, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted experiments using T2 phages that infected bacteria. In one treatment, they grew phages with radioactive sulfur. In another treatment, they grew phages with radioactive phosphorous. They allowed both types of phages to infect bacterial cells. After infection, they found that only bacteria infected with phages grown with radioactive phosphorous showed any radioactivity. Why did they use radioactive sulfur and phosphorous for this Updates Grades Members O Conferences DBQ Online experiment? * Newsela ormation O Sulfur is part of the DNA molecule but not part of a protein molecule. Biology Periods 1 and 2 Sulfur and phosphorous are some of the most reactive molecules and are easily ding periods school MP1, Highschool Highschool MP3, school MP4 traced. Sulfur and phosphorous are able to survive the centrifuge, a crucial component of the experiment. ion Phosphorous is part of the DNA…arrow_forwardA scientist used a transgenic strain of C. elegans into which a gene (gfp) for a green fluorescent protein had been introduced. He injected some worms with double-stranded RNA complementary to coding sequence of the gfp gene. The figure below shows the worms without (a; left) and with (b; right) ds gfp RNA. a (-) ds gfp RNA _(+) ds gfp RNA a) Explain these results . b) The scientist conducted another experiment in which he injected double-stranded RNA complementary to the introns and promoter sequences of the gfp gene. What results would you expect with this experiment? Explain your answer .arrow_forward
- Scientists are currently screening a chemical library of small molecules for inhibitors of bioluminescence in response to high cell density in V. fischeri.The small molecules were chosen for their potentialability to bind LuxR.a. How could a molecule that binds LuxR preventbioluminescence?b. Hundreds of different bacterial species use quorumsensing mechanisms similar to that of V. fischeri andencode proteins similar to LuxI and LuxR. In lightof this information, why do you think scientists wantto identify the molecule described in part (a)?arrow_forwardPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was invented by Kary Mullis in 1983. This technique had indeed facilitated research in various areas of molecular biology and genetics. You would like to amplify a particular gene fragment from the yeast genome using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): (i) What is the major enzyme required to kick start this reaction? (ii) Besides the enzymes mentioned in Q2 (a)(), state three (3) other chemicals required for the amplification process to be carried out.arrow_forwardThe amino acid asparagine is synthesized from aspartic acid by the enzyme asparagine synthetase (AS). In the previous problem you proposed a model for how this gene could be regulated. Suppose that you carry out an experiment to test your model. To do this you cut out the regulatory sequences upstream of the gene and fuse it to a gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Now you can visually observe when the gene is activated. You insert this engineered gene into a host cell and look for GFP expression. You discover some mutants that have different expression levels of GFP and call them GFP1- and GFP2-. The expression levels of GFP are given below. Cell GFP expression Wild type 100 GFP1- 50 GFP2- 0 Propose an explanation for these results based on your model. In other words, what was mutated and how? Your answer should include whether the mutation is (see links for more information): dominant or recessive https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21578/#A1877…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning