The criteria for laser action in a three-level system.

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Chapter 12, Problem 19Q

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The criteria for laser action in a three-level system.

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What is the minimum fraction of the lasing molecules in a three-level laser that must be in the excited state in order for the laser to operate? Answer the same question for a four-level laser.

46. a) Explain why a pattern of bright and dark fringes is visible on a screen when a light is shone through a double slit. b) Upon using Thomas Young's double-slit experiment to obtain measurements, the following data were obtained. Use these data to determine the wavelength of light being used to create the interference pattern. Do this in three different ways. • The angle to the eighth maximum is 1.12. • The distance from the slits to the screen is 302 cm. • The distance from the first minimum to the fifth minimum is 2.95 cm. • The distance between the slits is 0.00025 m. 47. a) Imagine that you are conducting an activity with a laser to create an interference pattern. Use the appropriate equations to predict two ways (other than the way described in the following example) to change the interference pattern in order to have closer fringes. Explain your predictions. Here's an example to get you started: According to the equation Ax= the distance between the fringes (Ax) is…

By considering the rate equations for a simple 2-level laser system: ƏN, ƏN₂ dt dt -=-B₁₂p(v)N₁ + B₂p(v)N₂ + A₂N₂ show that the absorption/gain co-efficient is given by the expression: a(v.) = [n, -n₂]o (v.) State any assumptions made and define the meaning of all symbols used.