Fundamentals of Statistics (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134508306
Author: Michael Sullivan III
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1.2, Problem 18AYU
Daily Coffee Consumption Is there an association between daily coffee consumption and the occurrence of skin cancer? Researchers asked 93,676 women to disclose their coffee-drinking habits and also determined which of the women had nonmelanoma skin cancer. The researchers concluded that consumption of six or more cups of caffeinated coffee per day was associated with a reduction in nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(5): 446–452, October 2007.
- a. What type of observational study was this? Explain.
- b. What is the response variable in the study? What Is the explanatory variable?
- c. In their report, the researchers stated that “After adjusting for various demographic and lifestyle variables, daily consumption of six or more cups was associated with a 30% reduced prevalence of nonmelanoma skin cancer.” Why was it important to adjust for these variables?
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Fundamentals of Statistics (5th Edition)
Ch. 1.1 - Define statistics.Ch. 1.1 - Explain the difference between a population and a...Ch. 1.1 - A(n) _____ is a person or object that is a member...Ch. 1.1 - _____ statistics consists of organizing and...Ch. 1.1 - A(n) _____ is a numerical summary of a sample....Ch. 1.1 - are the characteristics of the individuals of the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...
Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 714, determine whether the underlined...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 1522, classify the variable as...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 2330, determine whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3138, determine the level of...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3944, a research objective is...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3944, a research objective is...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3944, a research objective is...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3944, a research objective is...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3944, a research objective is...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 3944, a research objective is...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 45 and 46, identify the individuals,...Ch. 1.1 - In Problems 45 and 46, identify the individuals,...Ch. 1.1 - Smokers IQ A study was conducted in which 2011...Ch. 1.1 - A Cure for the Common Wart A study conducted by...Ch. 1.1 - NW Government Waste Gallup News Service conducted...Ch. 1.1 - Investment Decision The Gallup Organization...Ch. 1.1 - What Level of Measurement? It is extremely...Ch. 1.1 - Interpreting the Variable Suppose a fundraiser...Ch. 1.1 - Analyze the Article Read the newspaper article and...Ch. 1.1 - Contrast the differences between qualitative and...Ch. 1.1 - Discuss the differences between discrete and...Ch. 1.1 - In your own words, define the four levels of...Ch. 1.1 - Explain what is meant when we say data vary, How...Ch. 1.1 - Explain the process of statistics.Ch. 1.1 - The age of a person is commonly considered to be a...Ch. 1.2 - In your own words, define explanatory variable and...Ch. 1.2 - What is an observational study? What is a designed...Ch. 1.2 - Explain what is meant by confounding. What is a...Ch. 1.2 - Given a choice, would you conduct a study using an...Ch. 1.2 - What is a cross-sectional study? What is a...Ch. 1.2 - The data used in the influenza study presented in...Ch. 1.2 - Explain why it would be unlikely to use a designed...Ch. 1.2 - What does it mean when an observational study is...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - In Problems 916, determine whether the study...Ch. 1.2 - Happiness and Your Heart Is there an association...Ch. 1.2 - Daily Coffee Consumption Is there an association...Ch. 1.2 - NW Television in the Bedroom Is a television (TV)...Ch. 1.2 - Get Married, Gain Weight Are young couples who...Ch. 1.2 - Midwives Researchers Sally Tracy and associates...Ch. 1.2 - Web Page Design Magnum, LLC, is a web page design...Ch. 1.2 - Analyze the Article Write a summary of the...Ch. 1.2 - Putting It Together: Passive Smoke? The following...Ch. 1.3 - What is a frame?Ch. 1.3 - Define simple random sampling.Ch. 1.3 - What does it mean when sampling is done without...Ch. 1.3 - What is random sampling? Why is it used and how...Ch. 1.3 - Literature As part of a college literature course,...Ch. 1.3 - Team Captains A coach must select two players to...Ch. 1.3 - NW Course Selection A student entering a doctoral...Ch. 1.3 - Merit Badge Requirements To complete the...Ch. 1.3 - Sampling the Faculty A community college employs...Ch. 1.3 - Sampling the Students The same community college...Ch. 1.3 - NW Obtaining a Simple Random Sample The following...Ch. 1.3 - Obtaining a Simple Random Sample The following...Ch. 1.3 - Obtaining a Simple Random Sample The president of...Ch. 1.3 - Obtaining a Simple Random Sample The mayor of...Ch. 1.3 - Future Government Club The Future Government Club...Ch. 1.3 - Worker Morale The owner of a private food store is...Ch. 1.4 - Describe a circumstance in which stratified...Ch. 1.4 - Which sampling method does not require a frame?Ch. 1.4 - Why are convenience samples ill advised?Ch. 1.4 - A(n) _____ sample is obtained by dividing the...Ch. 1.4 - A(n) _____ sample is obtained by dividing the...Ch. 1.4 - True or False: When taking a systematic random...Ch. 1.4 - True or False: A simple random sample is always...Ch. 1.4 - True or False: When conducting a cluster sample,...Ch. 1.4 - True or False: Inferences based on voluntary...Ch. 1.4 - True or False: When obtaining a stratified sample,...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 15AYUCh. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 19AYUCh. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - In Problems 1122, identify the type of sampling...Ch. 1.4 - A salesperson obtained a systematic sample of size...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 24AYUCh. 1.4 - NW Stratified Sampling The Future Government Club...Ch. 1.4 - Stratified Sampling The owner of a private food...Ch. 1.4 - NW Systematic Sample The human resource department...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 28AYUCh. 1.4 - Which Method? The mathematics department at a...Ch. 1.4 - Good Sampling Method? To obtain students opinions...Ch. 1.4 - Sample Design The city of Naperville is...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 32AYUCh. 1.4 - Sample Design Target wants to open a new store in...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 34AYUCh. 1.4 - Prob. 35AYUCh. 1.4 - Sample Design A marketing executive for Coca-Cola....Ch. 1.4 - Putting It Together: Comparing Sampling Methods...Ch. 1.4 - Putting It Together: Thinking about Randomness...Ch. 1.5 - What is a closed question? What is an open...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 2AYUCh. 1.5 - What is bias? Name the three sources of bias and...Ch. 1.5 - What is closed question? What is an open question?...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 13AYUCh. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 15AYUCh. 1.5 - In Problems 516, the survey has bias. (a)...Ch. 1.5 - Response Rates Surveys tend to suffer from low...Ch. 1.5 - Delivery Format The General Social Survey asked,...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 19AYUCh. 1.5 - Order of the Questions Consider the following two...Ch. 1.5 - Improving Response Rates Suppose you are reading...Ch. 1.5 - Rotating Choices Consider this question from a...Ch. 1.5 - Random Digit Dialing Many polls use random digit...Ch. 1.5 - Caller ID How do you think caller ID has affected...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 25AYUCh. 1.5 - Prob. 26AYUCh. 1.5 - Exit Polling During every election, pollsters...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 29AYUCh. 1.5 - Name two biases that led to the Literary Digest...Ch. 1.5 - The Challenge in Polling One of the challenges in...Ch. 1.5 - Why is it rare for frames to be completely...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 37AYUCh. 1.5 - Discuss the benefits of having trained...Ch. 1.5 - What are the advantages of having a presurvey when...Ch. 1.5 - Discuss the pros and cons of telephone interviews...Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 41AYUCh. 1.5 - Prob. 42AYUCh. 1.5 - Prob. 43AYUCh. 1.5 - Prob. 44AYUCh. 1.6 - Define the following: a. Experimental unit b....Ch. 1.6 - What is replication in an experiment?Ch. 1.6 - Explain the difference between a single-blind and...Ch. 1.6 - A(n) _____ _____ design is one in which each...Ch. 1.6 - Prob. 5AYUCh. 1.6 - Prob. 6AYUCh. 1.6 - NW Chew Your Food Researchers wanted to determine...Ch. 1.6 - Alcohol Dependence To determine if topiramate is a...Ch. 1.6 - NW School Psychology A school psychologist wants...Ch. 1.6 - Pharmacy A pharmaceutical company has developed an...Ch. 1.6 - NW Whiter Teeth An ad for Crest Whitestrips...Ch. 1.6 - Assessment To help assess student learning in her...Ch. 1.6 - Insomnia Researchers wanted to test the...Ch. 1.6 - Prob. 14AYUCh. 1.6 - The Memory Drug? Researchers wanted to evaluate...Ch. 1.6 - Shrinking Stomach? Researchers wanted to determine...Ch. 1.6 - Dominant Hand Professor Andy Neill wanted to...Ch. 1.6 - Golf Anyone? A local golf pro wanted to compare...Ch. 1.6 - Drug Effectiveness A pharmaceutical company wants...Ch. 1.6 - Prob. 20AYUCh. 1.6 - Green Tea You wonder whether green tea lowers...Ch. 1.6 - Priming for Healthy Food Does alerting shoppers at...Ch. 1.6 - Batteries An engineer wants to determine the...Ch. 1.6 - Tire Design An engineer has just developed a new...Ch. 1.6 - Designing an Experiment Researchers want to know...Ch. 1.6 - Research the placebo effect and the Hawthorne...Ch. 1.6 - Coke or Pepsi You want to perform an experiment...Ch. 1.6 - The Dictator Game In their book SuperFreakonomics,...Ch. 1.6 - Ebola In October 2014, there was an Ebola breakout...Ch. 1.6 - What is the role of randomization in a designed...Ch. 1 - In Problems 15, provide a definition using your...Ch. 1 - In Problems 15, provide a definition using your...Ch. 1 - In Problems 15, provide a definition using your...Ch. 1 - In Problems 15, provide a definition using your...Ch. 1 - In Problems 15, provide a definition using your...Ch. 1 - List and describe the three major types of...Ch. 1 - What is meant by the process of statistics?Ch. 1 - List and explain the three sources of bias in...Ch. 1 - Distinguish between sampling and nonsampling...Ch. 1 - Explain the steps in designing an experiment.Ch. 1 - Number of new automobiles sold at a dealership on...Ch. 1 - Weight in carats of an uncut diamondCh. 1 - Brand name of a pair of running shoesCh. 1 - In Problems 14 and 15, determine whether the...Ch. 1 - In Problems 14 and 15, determine whether the...Ch. 1 - In Problems 1619, determine the level of...Ch. 1 - In Problems 1619, determine the level of...Ch. 1 - In Problems 1619, determine the level of...Ch. 1 - In Problems 1619, determine the level of...Ch. 1 - In Problems 20 and 21, determine whether the study...Ch. 1 - In Problems 20 and 21, determine whether the study...Ch. 1 - Read the following description of an observational...Ch. 1 - In Problems 2326, determine the type of sampling...Ch. 1 - In Problems 2326, determine the type of sampling...Ch. 1 - In Problems 2326, determine the type of sampling...Ch. 1 - In Problems 2326, determine the type of sampling...Ch. 1 - Each of the following surveys has bias. Determine...Ch. 1 - Obtaining a Simple Random Sample The mayor of a...Ch. 1 - Obtaining a Systematic Sample A quality-control...Ch. 1 - Obtaining a Simple Random Sample Based on the...Ch. 1 - Tooth-Whitening Gum Smoking and drinking coffee...Ch. 1 - Reaction Time Researchers wanted to assess the...Ch. 1 - Multiple Choice A common tip for taking...Ch. 1 - Prob. 34RECh. 1 - Prob. 35RECh. 1 - Prob. 38RECh. 1 - Prob. 1CTCh. 1 - Prob. 2CTCh. 1 - In Problems 35, determine if the variable is...Ch. 1 - In Problems 35, determine if the variable is...Ch. 1 - In Problems 35, determine if the variable is...Ch. 1 - In Problems 6 and 7, determine whether the study...Ch. 1 - In Problems 6 and 7, determine whether the study...Ch. 1 - Contrast the three major types of observational...Ch. 1 - Compare and contrast observational studies and...Ch. 1 - Prob. 10CTCh. 1 - List the steps required to conduct an experiment.Ch. 1 - Prob. 12CTCh. 1 - A congresswoman wants to survey her constituency...Ch. 1 - Prob. 14CTCh. 1 - A casino manager wants to inspect a sample of 14...Ch. 1 - Describe what is meant by an experiment that has a...Ch. 1 - Each of the following surveys has bias. Identify...Ch. 1 - Shapely Glasses Does the shape of a glass play a...Ch. 1 - Nucryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., announced the...Ch. 1 - Researchers Katherine Tucker and associates wanted...Ch. 1 - Explain the difference between a lurking variable...Ch. 1 - CASE STUDY Chrysalises for Cash The butterfly...Ch. 1 - CASE STUDY Chrysalises for Cash The butterfly...Ch. 1 - CASE STUDY Chrysalises for Cash The butterfly...Ch. 1 - CASE STUDY Chrysalises for Cash The butterfly...
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